{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:40:06Z","timestamp":1792694406913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005716","name":"Babol University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005716","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enamel cracks are a common complication following orthodontic bracket debonding and the removal of adhesives. This study investigated whether the presence of an archwire during debonding and the use of turbine (high\u2010speed) versus angle (low\u2010speed) tungsten carbide burs affect the number, length, or orientation of enamel cracks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this in vitro experimental study, 64 extracted human premolars were randomly assigned to four groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916): with or without an archwire during debonding, and adhesive removal using either a high\u2010speed (turbine) or a low\u2010speed (angle) tungsten carbide bur. Stereomicroscopic images were taken before bonding and after adhesive removal to assess the number, length, and direction of enamel cracks. Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores were also recorded. Data were analyzed using paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests, ANOVA, and Chi\u2010square tests (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All groups exhibited a statistically significant increase in both the number and length of enamel cracks following bracket debonding and adhesive removal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the increase in crack length (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.166), crack number (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.628), or ARI scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.89).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While orthodontic bracket debonding and adhesive removal significantly increase enamel cracking, the presence of an archwire and the type of tungsten carbide bur do not seem to affect the severity or pattern of crack formation. Therefore, clinical emphasis should be placed on careful debonding techniques and appropriate final polishing to minimize enamel damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:10:46Z","timestamp":1792692646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Archwire Presence and Adhesive Removal Techniques on Enamel Crack Formation During Orthodontic Bracket Debonding: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9811-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samane","family":"Bakhshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0075-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Ghorbanipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1161-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Ahmadizenouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3841-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedali","family":"Seyedmajidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5240-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysam","family":"Mirzaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institute Babol University of Medical Sciences Babol I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2018.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Arch Wire Ligation on Shear Bond Strength of Metal Brackets","volume":"19","author":"Al\u2010Huwaizi A. 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Part 1: Aetiology and Diagnosis","volume":"208","author":"Banerji S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Dental Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00963.x","article-title":"Definitive Diagnosis of Early Enamel and Dentin Cracks Based on Microscopic Evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Clark D. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.54553"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.01.020","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of Enamel on Debonded Orthodontic Brackets","volume":"152","author":"Cochrane N. J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejwf.2019.11.003","article-title":"Effect of Different Debonding Techniques on Shear Bond Strength and Enamel Cracks in Simulated Clinical Set\u2010Ups","volume":"9","author":"Dalaie K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10121354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27062-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0349-6","article-title":"Effects of Various Debonding and Adhesive Clearance Methods on Enamel Surface: An In Vitro Study","volume":"17","author":"Fan X.\u2010C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(98)00037-2","article-title":"Thermal Cycling Procedures for Laboratory Testing of Dental Restorations","volume":"27","author":"Gale M. S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2018.43.e26","article-title":"The Effect of Thermocycling on the Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of a Microhybrid Dental Resin Composite","volume":"43","author":"Ghavami\u2010Lahiji M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Evaluation of Three Methods in the Diagnosis of Dentin Cracks Caused by Apical Resection","volume":"10","author":"Ghorbanzadeh A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2008.00955.x","article-title":"Assessment of Pulp Vitality: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Gopikrishna V.","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2024.00233"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16010007","article-title":"Three\u2010Dimensional Assessment of Dental Enamel Microcrack Progression After Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Using Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"16","author":"Hamdan A. H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.165376","article-title":"Cracked Tooth Syndrome: Overview of Literature","volume":"5","author":"Hasan S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2478\/aoj-2008-0016","article-title":"The Effects of Bracket Removal on Enamel","volume":"24","author":"Heravi F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australasian Orthodontic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.12.014","article-title":"Associations of Types of Pain With Crack\u2010Level, Tooth\u2010Level and Patient\u2010Level Characteristics in Posterior Teeth With Visible Cracks: Findings From the National Dental Practice\u2010Based Research Network","volume":"70","author":"Hilton T. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"1408","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.6875","article-title":"Comparison of Different Methods of Controlling Pain During Debonding of Orthodontic Brackets","volume":"73","author":"Iqbal K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Dentistry\u2014Testing of Adhesion to Tooth Structure","author":"ISO, P","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.890912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2558"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"The Cracked Tooth Conundrum: Terminology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"21","author":"Kahler W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103466","article-title":"Association Between Longitudinal Tooth Fractures and Visual Detection Methods in Diagnosis","volume":"101","author":"Kim J.\u2010H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Dentistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2009.10.003","article-title":"Detection of Dentinal Cracks Using Contrast\u2010Enhanced Micro\u2010Computed Tomography","volume":"3","author":"Landrigan M. 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