{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:19:24Z","timestamp":1774354764470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to elucidate how masticatory muscles are involved in the generation of occlusal force.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experiment was conducted by fabricating an experimental apparatus for a unilateral occlusion model with the masticatory muscles imparted. The experimental apparatus was fabricated by enlarging the lateral photograph of a dried adult skull specimen 3.5 times larger than that of a standard adult and drawing the outlines of the maxilla and mandible, canines and molars of the upper and lower jaws, and temporomandibular joint on a wooden board. The masticatory muscles used in the experiment were the masseter muscle, the temporalis muscle (anterior and posterior muscle bundles), and the lateral pterygoid muscle. For the measurement of the contractile force of the masticatory muscle, we used the spring scale. For the food, we used cut plastic cylinders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the experiment revealed the following: First, the occlusal force was generated under the condition that the contraction forces of all the masticatory muscles were balanced. Second, when the occlusal force was applied to food, the occlusal planes of the upper and lower jaws were parallel. Third, the occlusal force occurred perpendicular to the occlusal plane. Fourth, the occlusal force was generated with a force greater than the contraction force of the individual masticatory muscles. And finally, even if occlusal force was applied to the food, the occlusal force did not load the temporomandibular joint.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Occlusal force is not generated by the action of a single masticatory muscle but under the balanced contractile force of all masticatory muscles. The occlusal force then emerges with a force greater than the contraction force of all the masticatory muscles, and its direction occurs perpendicular to the occlusal plane.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T06:33:06Z","timestamp":1678948386000},"page":"472-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Elucidation of the relationship between masticatory muscle activity and masticatory movement. Report 1. Mechanism of occlusal force generation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Niwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences Meikai University School of Dentistry Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-9839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuo","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences Meikai University School of Dentistry Saitama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Begg orthodontic theory and technique","author":"Begg P. R.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Chewing unit: Temporomandibular disorders","author":"Bell W. E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356409058580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"The plane of occlusion: Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal problems","author":"Dawson P. E.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(81)90247-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(86)90480-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Bilateral balanced occlusion and unilateral balanced occlusion: Encyclopedia of dental occlusion","author":"Hasegawa S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7144\/sgf.2.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Biomechanics of the TMJ: Temporomandibular Disorders","author":"Hesse J. R.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"673","article-title":"[Begg technic and the Australian aborigines]","volume":"54","author":"Hioki M.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Shikai tenbo = Dental Outlook"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Masticatory Muscles: Oral Anatomy 2 Myologia","author":"Kamijo Y.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Craniometry: Oral Anatomy 1 Osteology","author":"Kamijo Y.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Mandibula: Oral Anatomy 1 Osteology","author":"Kamijo Y.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Kontraktionsformen der Kaumuskulatur: In Zahn\u00e4rztliche Prothetik Band 1","author":"K\u00f6rber K.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"756","article-title":"Dental pathology of aboriginal California","author":"Leigh R. W.","year":"1929","journal-title":"Dental Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1920.0071"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Applied mechanics to the theory of mandibular movements","volume":"74","author":"Monson G. S.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Dental Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Unilateral balanced occlusion: Lingualized occlusion","author":"Niwa K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"What can we learn from the occlusal surface on aboriginal people: Lingualized occlusion","author":"Niwa K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"The occlusal contact form should be the lingualized occlusion: Lingualized Occlusion","author":"Niwa K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Masticatory muscles: Visual imaging\u2014Basic knowledge on occlusion","author":"Ogawa T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Functional neuroanatomy and physiology of the masticatory system: Temporomandibular disorders and occlusion","author":"Okeson J. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the masticatory system: Temporomandibular disorders and occlusion","author":"Okeson J. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Alignment and occlusion of the dentition: Temporomandibular disorders and occlusion","author":"Okeson J. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The masticatory muscles: Occlusion","author":"Ramfjord S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"The Neuromuscular System (NMS)\u2015Muscle of the masticatory organ: The masticatory organ","author":"Slavicek R.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.725","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cre2.725","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cre2.725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T00:09:05Z","timestamp":1692490145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cre2.725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cre2.725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cre2.725","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-4347","2057-4347"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-4347","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-4347","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}