{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:44:27Z","timestamp":1767008667186,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) virus causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), a respiratory infection that has spread worldwide and is responsible for a high death toll. Although respiratory symptoms are the most common, there is growing evidence that oral signs of COVID\u201019 can also be seen in children. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available data on the oral manifestations of COVID\u201019 in children and to recommend appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was done to discover relevant papers published between their establishment and January 2023. Articles detailing oral symptoms in pediatric patients with confirmed COVID\u201019 infection were included, and data on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes were extracted and evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 24 studies involving 2112 pediatric patients with COVID\u201019 were included in the review. The most common presentations are oral lesions, taste and smell disorders, oral candidiasis, hemorrhagic crust, tongue discoloration, lip and tongue fissuring, gingivitis, and salivary gland inflammation. These manifestations were sometimes associated with multi\u2010system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS\u2010C) or Kawasaki disease (KD). Management strategies varied depending on the severity of the oral manifestation and ranged from symptomatic relief with topical analgesics to systemic medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral symptoms of COVID\u201019 are relatively prevalent in juvenile patients and can be accompanied by severe systemic diseases, such as MIS\u2010C or Kawasaki illness. Early detection and adequate care of these oral symptoms are critical for the best patient results. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and developing targeted treatments requires more investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T02:59:13Z","timestamp":1692673153000},"page":"922-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Oral manifestations of COVID\u201019 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Mohammadikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morteza","family":"Banakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Shahed University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojgan","family":"Alaeddini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahroo","family":"Etemad\u2010Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo V. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS) Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa Viseu Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artak","family":"Heboyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi  Armenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5537-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima","family":"Imannezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry Shahed University Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04701-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","article-title":"Multi\u2010system inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID\u201019: A case report from Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Al Ameer H. 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