{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:13:08Z","timestamp":1780553588510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Exp Dental Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), referred to as nanobacteria (NB), are recognized to be associated with ectopic calcification. This study aims to isolate and culture CNPs from the dental plaque of patients with periodontal disease and investigate their possible role in unravelling the aetiology of periodontal disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supragingival and subgingival plaques were sampled from 30 periodontitis patients for CNPs isolation and culture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content changes were tracked over time. Positive samples underwent thorough morphological identification via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Alizarin red S (ARS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of CNPs analysis involved calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The subgingival plaque dental group exhibited a higher CNPs isolation rate at 36.67% (11\/30) compared to the supragingival dental plaque group at 66.67% (20\/30). ALP activity varied among the positive, negative and control groups. Morphological observation characterized the CNPs as round, oval, and ellipsoid particles with Ca deposits. Chemical analysis revealed the Ca\/P ratio was 0.6753. Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen phosphate were detected by FTIR; the main chemical components detected by XRD were hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CNPs were found in periodontitis\u2010related dental plaque and exhibited the potential to develop calcified structures resembling dental calculus. However, the potential involvement of ALP in CNPs formation requires deeper exploration, as does the precise nature of its role and the interrelation with periodontitis demand a further comprehensive investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T02:09:44Z","timestamp":1716775784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A preliminary study on calcifying nanoparticles in dental plaque: Isolation, characterization, and potential mineralization mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9341-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3805-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guohui","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oral Disease of Higher Schools in Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5000-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1262-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3111-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0441-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Medicine The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oral Disease of Higher Schools in Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2009.01250.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12151"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4680(97)10001-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciftcioglu N. 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