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The cascade transformation of LA to VAEs consists of a series of acid\u2010 and metal\u2010catalyzed processes alternately, in which heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts are required for better catalytic performance. The transformation pathway from LA to VAEs is presented, and bifunctional catalytic systems for the cascade transformation of LA into valeric acid (VA) and its esters, as well as one\u2010pot conversion processes, are reviewed. Additionally, effects of metal and acid sites on the catalytic performance are discussed in detail. Impacts of and improvements to coke deposition, which is determined to be the primary reason for the reduction in catalytic activity, are also analyzed. Finally, feasible suggestions are proposed for enhanced catalytic performance and a reduction in overall costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201901522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T01:28:56Z","timestamp":1562203736000},"page":"3915-3930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Transformation of Levulinic Acid to Valeric Biofuels: A Review on Heterogeneous Bifunctional Catalytic Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University  Tianjin 300350 PR 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