{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:15:32Z","timestamp":1787318132017,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This work compares the structure of industrially isolated lignin samples from kraft pulping and three alternative processes: butanol organosolv, supercritical water hydrolysis, and sulfur dioxide\/ethanol\/water fractionation. Kraft processes are known to produce highly condensed lignin, with reduced potential for catalytic depolymerization, whereas the alternative processes have been hypothesized to impact the lignin less. The structural properties most relevant to catalytic depolymerization are characterized by elemental analysis, quantitative\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C and 2\u2009D HQSC\u2005NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Quantification of the \u03b2\u2010O\u20104 ether bond content shows partial depolymerization, with all samples having less than 12 bonds per 100 aromatic units. This results in theoretical monomer yields of less than 5\u2009%, strongly suggesting the alternative fractionation processes generate highly condensed lignin structures that are no more suitable for catalytic depolymerization than kraft lignin. However, the different thermal degradation profiles suggest there are physicochemical differences that could be leveraged in other valorization strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202001219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T11:35:22Z","timestamp":1592220922000},"page":"4624-4632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Similarities in Recalcitrant Structures of Industrial Non\u2010Kraft and Kraft Lignin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Tricker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Stellato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0027-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas T.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Kruyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-5077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and System Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  755 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Realff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-1675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas S.","family":"Bommarius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  901 Atlantic Dr. Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5713-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Sievers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Bioproducts Institute Georgia Institute of Technology  500 10<sup>th<\/sup> St NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  311 Ferst Dr. NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology  901 Atlantic Dr. Atlanta GA 30332 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00155","volume":"115","author":"Li C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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