{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:35:34Z","timestamp":1790775334010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, many studies have been published regarding electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction for generating hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) using gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for various applications. Sodium salts solved in deionized water were usually used as supporting electrolytes. In technical applications, however, tap water\u2010based electrolytes with hardeners are particularly relevant and have only been considered in a few studies to date. In this work, we investigated the influence of hardeners on H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010generation at 150\u2005mA\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> and were able to show that scaling occurs predominantly on the GDE\u2010surface and not in its pore structure. With the novel method in electrochemical synthesis by using complexing agents to bind hardeners, we were able to significantly reduce the scaling. Even after 10\u2005h of operation, the reactor still achieves a faradaic efficiency (FE) of above 70\u2009% (&gt;67\u2005mg\u2009h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>), comparable to the experiments without hardeners and complexing agents in the electrolyte. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the complexing agents are not electrochemically converted at the carbon\u2010based GDE and behave inertly. If the cell is operated with complexing agents and rinsed with acidic liquid (anolyte) between batches, scaling can be completely avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202400491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:20:48Z","timestamp":1714728048000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influence of Water Hardness and Complexing Agents on Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Generation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5740-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Simon","family":"Enstrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology  Leibnizstra\u00dfe 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology  Leibnizstra\u00dfe 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4697-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freyja Galina","family":"Daragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology  Leibnizstra\u00dfe 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Dangpiaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology  Leibnizstra\u00dfe 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0442-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering Clausthal University of Technology  Leibnizstra\u00dfe 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2020.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200503779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25082\/CR.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c01468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cben.201900021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2016.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9091482"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107882"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.6b00430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2022.101124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c01641"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.0c00812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ciuz.201100545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201800181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2007.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-006-9275-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.06.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"HPNow \u201cOn-site electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation \u201d can be found underhttps:\/\/www.hpnow.eu\/ 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2022.100170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-020-1293-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2020.136729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020199313115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"D.\u2005G. Brown PhD Thesis University of Tasmania (AUS) 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA05296J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50552a051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Proceedings of the XIIth International Mineral Processing Symposium","author":"Yaz\u0131c\u0131 E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/f19827802349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","volume-title":"Laundry Detergents","author":"Smulders E.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(08)60115-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e.V. (DIN) 2013 DOIhttps:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.31030\/1957797.","DOI":"10.31030\/1957797"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA09636G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/08604.0041ecst"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-006-9269-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201402426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527635412"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2009.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b315198k"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"W. Strothoff (Miele & Cie KG) M. Schmid (Miele & Cie KG) DE102020103632\u2005A1 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.-Y. Lai LIQUID DETERGENTS Crc Press Inc Santa Barbara (US) 2006.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420027907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.134920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-011-0311-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.137976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"N.\u2005T. Oude Ed. Detergents Springer Berlin Heidelberg Berlin Heidelberg 1992."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"N. Zeiler L. Martinez da Silva E. Romain D. Sch\u00e4fer (Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG) Effective chelation with Citrates and Gluconates 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"BASF SE Performance Chemicals for Detergents and Formulators 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ00118E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"J.\u2005D. Mitchell (Clorox Co.) J.\u2005P. Farr (Clorox Co.) D.\u2005T. Carty (Clorox Co.) EP0209228\u2005A1 1987."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"T. Muddemann PhD Thesis Clausthal University of Technology (DE) 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.201900137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13091266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-00411-8"}],"container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.202400491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:44:47Z","timestamp":1760384687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cssc.202400491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cssc.202400491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.202400491","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5631","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-564X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202400491"}}