{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:35:09Z","timestamp":1791808509486,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22075055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22075055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Developing metal\u2010free catalysts is critical to addressing the issues of susceptibility to poisoning and deficient durability in the electrocatalysis of metal\u2010based materials for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction reaction (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR). Herein, N\u2010doped carbon nanoparticles (NCs) with a specific ratio of graphitic\/pyrrolic N, high specific surface area, and abundant nanopores are synthesized by pyrolyzing a Cu and Zn co\u2010coordinated polymer with bis(imino)\u2010pyridine ligands. Results demonstrate that precise co\u2010incorporation of Cu and Zn in the precursor effectively modulates the N doping species and ratios of NCs, as well as the pore structure, resulting in significantly distinct CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR behaviors. The NCs synthesized by the precursor with the ratio of Zn and Cu ions (1\u2009:\u20094), featuring graphitic\u2010N and pyrrolic\u2010N in the ratio of 2\u2009:\u20091 and high specific surface area (896.8\u2005m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), exhibit a low onset potential of \u22120.4\u2005V\n                    <jats:sub>RHE<\/jats:sub>\n                    , an exceptional CO Faradaic efficiency of 96.1\u2009%, and a power density of 0.8\u2005mW\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    in a Zn\u2212CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    battery. Theory calculations reveal that regulating the graphitic\/pyrrolic N ratio can redistribute the localized atoms\u2032 charge density, which enhances the adsorption of intermediate COOH* and mobilizes multiple active atomic sites favoring CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR. The discovery in this work provides a new understanding for the design of advanced metal\u2010free CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    RR electrocatalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202500152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:57:24Z","timestamp":1741726644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modulation Engineering of Graphitic\/Pyrrolic Nitrogen Co\u2010Doped Porous Carbon\u2010Based Electrocatalysts with Abundant Active Sites for Efficient CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3633-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials School of Physical Science and Technology School of Resources Environment and Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures Guangxi University  Nanning 530004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9828-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian Jun","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials School of Physical Science and Technology School of Resources Environment and Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures Guangxi University  Nanning 530004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6244-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei Kang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials School of Physical Science and Technology School of Resources Environment and Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures Guangxi University  Nanning 530004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi Qun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Energy Materials School of Physical Science and Technology School of Resources Environment and Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures Guangxi University  Nanning 530004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2019.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-022-2236-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106661"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-019-0306-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2024.124967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00594"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC01375K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202212329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2020.100891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201809255"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA11473D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ05221D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5031529"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201501575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10040643"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2020.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c00779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800499"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002430"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02774"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201205332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b11870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118974"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.2c01201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c13440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201807571"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201802055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c01773"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201506062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2067(22)64122-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108384"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110174"}],"container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.202500152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:37:24Z","timestamp":1761154644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cssc.202500152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cssc.202500152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.202500152","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5631","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-564X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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