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However, there is still lack of in\u2010depth exploration into the catalyst design suitable for cathode membrane electrode as a key component in a solid\u2010electrolyte MEA electrolyzer. Herein, a lattice strain\u2010rich bismuth nanoparticle (D\u2010Bi\u2010NPS) integrated with anion exchange membrane is designed to produce formic acid, which can continuously produce formic acid with a concentration of 0.19\u2009M for more than 74\u2009h at a current density of 100\u2009mA\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>. By using this cathode membrane electrode, the Faradaic efficiency for formic acid can reach a maximum of 94.1%, with values exceeding 80% for the majority of the operational time. The improved performance of D\u2010Bi\u2010NPS is attributed to its abundant internal defects, which generate compressive strains that can dramatically accelerate interfacial electron transfer and optimize the adsorption strength of the intermediate. This study offers a novel approach for the design and development of a solid\u2010electrolyte MEA electrolyzer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202500386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T04:34:47Z","timestamp":1747110887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dislocation\u2010Induced Strain in Bismuth Nanoparticles for Improving Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Formic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Cheng\u2010Yang","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u2010Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng\u2010Fei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi\u2010Wen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8277-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunku","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Energy Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University  No. 135, Yaguan Road, Jinnan District Tianjin 300072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas9100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-019-0235-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.2c02149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ullmann's Encycl. 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