{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:29:25Z","timestamp":1790857765781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Polyurethane (PU) is a widely utilised plastic material due to its versatile properties. The chemical recycling, especially by hydrothermal treatment, is an effective way to achieve the circular use of PU. This article reports the results of hydrothermal treatment of PU with and without the use of acidic and basic\u00a0catalysts. Both non\u2010catalytic and catalytic approaches showed that PU could be depolymerised to the monomers using hydrothermal treatment. The use of a catalyst improved PU conversion and 2,4\u2010toluenediamine (TDA) yield. An organic amine showed better catalytic activity than inorganic base NaOH, inorganic acid H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and organic acid acetic acid. Among the catalysts tested, the organic amine ethylenediamine exhibited the highest activity, achieving a TDA yield of 13.6 wt% and a PU conversion of 28.2% at 180\u00b0C. Organic bases outperformed inorganic acids and bases, such as H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , acetic acid, and NaOH, which is attributed to their ability to form ionic interactions with PU\u2010derived zwitterions and their uniform distribution across vapour and liquid phases under vapour\u2013liquid equilibrium.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202502372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:44:56Z","timestamp":1767613496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recycling of Polyurethane Waste: Facile Hydrothermal Conversion Using Acidic and Basic Additives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7468-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Engineering Group Van \u2018t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Engineering Group Van \u2018t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7943-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. Raveendran","family":"Shiju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Engineering Group Van \u2018t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.146861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-019-00841-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c05316"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsengineeringau.2c00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17050628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2025.101054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC02091F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c02311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.4c00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC00819G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scca.2023.100013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RE00510G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es60113a008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es60087a010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(02)00010-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie100758s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c03537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.28576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp800723c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.17.1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","volume-title":"Diaminotoluenes","author":"World Health Organization & International Programme on Chemical Safety","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31096"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"FTIR Spectroscopy Analysis of the Prepolymerization of Palm\u2010based Polyurethane","volume":"18","author":"Badri K. 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