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Although Ir\u2010based oxides remain the benchmark catalysts, their scarcity and cost motivate the exploration of Ru\u2010based catalysts, which exhibit higher intrinsic activity at lower cost. However, Ru suffers from rapid deactivation under high anodic potentials due to overoxidation, lattice reconstruction, and oxidative dissolution, leading to irreversible active\u2010site loss. This review proposes a cross\u2010scale design framework for developing low\u2010loading, acid\u2010stable Ru\u2010based OER catalysts. We first analyze Ru dissolution pathways and the intrinsic activity\u2013stability trade\u2010off, then summarize stabilization strategies across different structural scales. For single atoms, coordination engineering and strong metal\u2013support interactions stabilize isolated sites; for clusters, interfacial confinement and heterostructure design mitigate structural degradation; for nanoparticles, doping and solid\u2010solution strategies suppress lattice oxygen loss and inhibit RuO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    dissolution. Beyond nanoscale catalyst design, practical PEMWE systems require optimization at the membrane electrode scale, where intrinsic activity must be integrated with mass transport and diffusion within the three\u2010phase interface. Finally, future directions are highlighted, including high\u2010current\u2010density kinetics, multiscale catalyst\/electrode integration, and artificial intelligence\u2010assisted catalyst screening for durable low\u2010Ru PEMWE anodes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.70821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T10:10:32Z","timestamp":1782555032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross\u2010Scale Design of Low\u2010Loading Ru\u2010Based Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xuze","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials and Catalysis Group Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Low\u2010Carbon Synthesis of Value\u2010Added Chemicals State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute of 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