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Traditional electrode and storage materials made of synthetic silica are usually constrained by high manufacturing costs and energy\u2010intensive processing, raising questions about environmental sustainability. Biosilica from diatoms presents a unique alternative with hierarchically porous architectures, high surface area, mechanical stability, and chemically tunable surfaces, which may provide promising sustainable material source. This review critically evaluates the biological origin of diatoms, recent advances in extraction, and purification techniques for biosilica, including chemical, thermal, plasma\u2010assisted, hydrothermal liquefaction, and hybrid approaches, and the physicochemical characteristics of biosilica. This review also investigates diatom biosilica as a functional material for energy conversion and storage. 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