{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:38:25Z","timestamp":1786545505067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04028\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04028\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\u2010UID\/05064\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\u2010UID\/05064\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A more sustainable route to biodiesel involves converting free fatty acid (FFA)\u2010rich feedstocks through Fischer esterification using acid catalysts. Replacing traditional homogeneous catalysts, typically strong inorganic acids like H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , with heterogeneous acid catalysts enhances both environmental and economic sustainability by enabling catalyst reuse, reducing corrosion, and minimizing wastewater generation. In this study, the methanolysis of oleic acid, used to model low\u2010value fat, was catalyzed by hydrochar\u2010based heterogeneous acid catalysts derived from banana peels, orange peels, and sucrose. These feedstocks were hydrothermally carbonized at 150\u2009\u00b0C for 5\u2009h in the presence of H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The resulting hydrochars, characterized via scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, exhibited varying degrees of graphitization. The sucrose\u2010derived hydrochar delivered the best catalytic performance, achieving a 90.1% yield of methyl oleate (MO) after 180\u2009min of reaction. Orange peel\u2010 and banana peel\u2010derived hydrochars achieved maximum MO yields of 87.8% and 66.5%, respectively. In contrast, a conventional homogeneous H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    SO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    catalyst yielded only 70.0% MO under the same reaction conditions. Higher graphitization correlated with increased hydrochar hydrophobicity, which appears to enhance catalytic performance by minimizing water adsorption and subsequent catalyst deactivation. Additionally, the sucrose\u2010derived catalyst demonstrated the lowest sulfur leaching, indicating superior stability of sulfonated species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.70912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:34:01Z","timestamp":1784957641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biodiesel Production From Low\u2010Grade Fats Using Sulfonated Hydrochar Catalysts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Rijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA \u2013 Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre  Portalegre Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal  Lavradio Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Pedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal  Lavradio Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. F\u00e1tima","family":"Serralha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal  Lavradio Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Francisco Costa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Soares Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VALORIZA \u2013 Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre  Portalegre Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico Universidade de Lisboa  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"CO2 Emissions in 2023 \u2013 Analysis \u2010 IEA(accessed 15 May 2025) https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/co2\u2010emissions\u2010in\u20102023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Renewables 2021 \u2013 Analysis \u2010 IEA(accessed 15 May 2025) https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables\u20102021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Bioenergy a sustainable solution \u2013 Bioenergy(accessed 16 May 2025) https:\/\/www.ieabioenergy.com\/bioenergy\u2010a\u2010sustainable\u2010solution\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy. Alternative Fuels Data Center(accessed 16 May 2025) https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/fuels\/biodiesel."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.103974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Biodiesel Market Size to Attain USD. 92.45 Billion by 2034 (accessed 16 May 2025) https:\/\/www.precedenceresearch.com\/biodiesel\u2010market."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12234408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2023.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecmx.2024.100675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2020.100012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2013.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-024-04643-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13040740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2024.132459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC00113C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.70138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-018-0514-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.09.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2015.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b07367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2022.105479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA11028E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.160841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2017.1421844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sampre.2025.100163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2048619"}],"container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.70912","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cssc.70912","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.70912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:42:25Z","timestamp":1786542145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cssc.70912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cssc.70912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.70912","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5631","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-564X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70912"}}