{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:19:28Z","timestamp":1787901568011,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50006\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/50006\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50006\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT\/BDCEE (PRT\/BD\/154656\/2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT\/BDCEE (PRT\/BD\/154656\/2023)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Eutectic systems have emerged as promising alternative solvents for numerous applications. However, despite their potential, their use in cultural heritage conservation remains scarce, and their suitability for spirit\u2010type varnish formulations has not yet been comprehensively demonstrated. Therefore, this study explored the viability of eutectic systems as alternative solvents for spirit varnishes by comparing their performance with conventional solvents through physicochemical characterisation and a preliminary proof\u2010of\u2010concept. Following a screening process, the Menthol:Thymol (8:1) system (MT) was identified as the most suitable candidate. Owing to its relatively low volatility, formulations of dammar and mastic dissolved in MT (D\u2010MT and M\u2010MT, respectively) were prepared with 5 and 10\u2009wt% ethanol (D\u2010MT5, DMT10, M\u2010MT5 and M\u2010MT10). The results showed that MT\u2010based varnishes exhibit comparable behaviour to conventional solvents, in terms of properties such as resin solubilisation capacity, rheological behaviour, viscosity and refractive index. However, MT\u2010based varnishes showed enhanced antioxidant activity and produced homogeneous coating films with appealing optical characteristics. Conversely, drying tests revealed slower initial solvent evaporation than conventional varnishes; however, except for D\u2010MT, all eutectic\u2010based formulations reached \u226590% solvent evaporation after 2 days. These findings prove the feasibility of menthol\u2010based eutectic systems as alternative solvents; however, further ecological studies are required to establish their overall sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.70962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T01:46:35Z","timestamp":1787190395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formulation of Innovative Spirit Varnishes Using Eutectic Systems as Alternative Solvents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1826-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio C.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV REQUIMTE NOVA School of Science and Technology  Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5045-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Quirino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV REQUIMTE NOVA School of Science and Technology  Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV REQUIMTE NOVA School of Science and Technology  Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEON Art Conservation Lda NOVA School of Science and Technology  Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0800-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rita C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV REQUIMTE NOVA School of Science and Technology  Caparica Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Conservation of Easel Paintings","author":"Phenix A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1958.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1990.35.s1.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2008.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Characterization of Varnishes on Nineteenth\u2010Century Canadian Furniture","volume":"40","author":"Moffatt E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Association for Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010020\u201000388\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1506186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2015.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01410096.1980.9994933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pcc.0000449467.92825.4a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010004\u20102409\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001\u2010009\u20100032\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c09729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4su00267a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7708\/ijtte.2015.5(2).06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings8060209"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"596","article-title":"Regarding the Mechanical Behavoiur of Dammar Based Composite Materials, Reinforced With Natural Fiber Fabrics","volume":"52","author":"Stanescu M. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materiale Plastice"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13091566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s40494\u2010025\u201001638\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00385"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja048266j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300162p"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500096j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010chembioeng\u2010101121\u2010085323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d2gc01752k"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06140"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311\u2010021\u201001225\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201014485\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su17072944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c04591"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/60326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122280"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2009.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2023.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2022.2031530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexres.2025.100732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4GC01962H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-054819-7.00007-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"47860","article-title":"The Use of the Hansen Solubility Parameters in the Selection of Protective Polymeric Materials Resistant to Chemicals","volume":"9","author":"Lara J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2021.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762\u2010021\u201003579\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5gc01008j"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1989.34.3.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040\u20106031(00)00615\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.202400517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/bems.4.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010010\u20104388\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2225\/vol13\u2010issue3\u2010fulltext\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X221144572"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21081047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041220"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Comparison Study of the Properties of Kerosene\u2010Naphthalene Blends With Turpentine","volume":"53","author":"Mushtaq A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bulgarian Chemical Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429399916-44"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/MNL12198M"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006834.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429399916-37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"R. S.BernsandE. R.de la Rie \u201cThe Relative Importance of Surface Roughness and Refractive Index in the Effects of Varnishes on the Appearance of Paintings \u201d inPreprints of the 13th Triennial Meeting of the ICOM Committee for Conservation(James & James 2002)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2003.48.4.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.1987.32.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.3c01024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.113667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2025.102535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.113015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14568\/cp2020041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2022.106898"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010\u20106030(00)00245\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0sm02248a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2008.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068\u2010020\u201000874\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28114559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.105344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2008.04.007"}],"container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.70962","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cssc.70962","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.70962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:57:33Z","timestamp":1787900253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cssc.70962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cssc.70962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.70962","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5631","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-564X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70962"}}