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Here, we present an effective photocatalyst design that not only considers solar light activity but also long\u2010term durability and optimized manufacturing costs. A series of stabilized bimetallic Au\u2013Ag plasmonic \u201crainbow\u201d nanoparticles were synthesized and grafted at low loadings onto TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    substrates, yielding strong visible\u2010light absorption and enhanced photocatalytic activity. To address the intrinsic instability of (plasmonic) metal nanoparticles in saline environments, two encapsulation strategies were investigated: insulating layer\u2010by\u2010layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte shells and conductive polyaniline (PANI) shells formed via in situ polymerization. In simulated seawater, a maximum H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    evolution rate of 348\u2009\u00b1\u2009108\u2009\u00b5mol\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    was achieved for TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009+\u20092\u2009wt% \u201crainbow\u201d PANI\u2010stabilized nanoparticles. PANI\u2010stabilized plasmonic catalysts outperformed both bare and LbL\u2010coated samples while maintaining full activity even after 1 month of storage in the dark in simulated seawater. These results demonstrate that conductive polymer encapsulation effectively preserves plasmonic activity even in harsh media, offering a prospect toward durable and economically viable solar hydrogen production from simulated seawater.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.71072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1790135456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrogen From Simulated Seawater Using Long\u2010Term Stable and Cost\u2010Effective Plasmonic Photocatalysts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fons","family":"Dingenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) Department of Bioscience Engineering University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp 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