{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:49:28Z","timestamp":1792072168529,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"Volkswagen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0071885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0071885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bio\u2010based antimicrobial materials are increasingly explored as sustainable alternatives for plant pathogen control. Here, we report a circular economy approach in which industrial kraft lignin was upcycled into cationic lignin (CL) and physically embedded within chitosan\u2013genipin (CH\u2013GPN) hydrogels to form CH\u2013GPN\u2013CL. These bioactive materials were evaluated for the in vitro inhibition of the plant pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic>\n                    DC3000. To enhance antimicrobial activity, kraft lignin was cationized with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) using different lignin\/GTMAC mass ratios, producing CL samples with varying degrees of substitution (DS). Leaf infiltration\u2010based phytotoxicity assays of CL using\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed no concentration\u2010 or DS\u2010dependent phytotoxicity under buffered conditions, suggesting compatibility with infiltrated leaf tissue. Bacterial inhibition assays showed that GTMAC cationization strongly improved lignin antimicrobial activity. Based on strong activity and a lower lignin\/GTMAC mass ratio, a representative CL sample was selected for incorporation into the hydrogel framework. The resulting CH\u2013GPN\u2013CL hydrogels retained gel\u2010like behavior and porous morphology and showed enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activity compared to the control hydrogel without embedded CL. These findings highlight the potential of CH\u2013GPN\u2013CL hydrogels as sustainable bioactive materials for further plant protection evaluation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.71125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:24:15Z","timestamp":1792070655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Upcycling Industrial Lignin Into Cationic Hydrogels With Potential for Sustainable Plant Protection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5634-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darindra Sandya","family":"Thanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0861-8369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zisan","family":"Caliskan Acik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma Pauline","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8771-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max\u2010Emanuel","family":"Zirngibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana L.","family":"Povolotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Wiermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6378-9526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitja","family":"Remus\u2010Emsermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjam","family":"Chandna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2025.103655"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201056732\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100410"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15020157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13081135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2023.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15239062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202313945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c01414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c06000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/692350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10327\u2010015\u20100605\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9060712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07328303.2019.1568449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB01345A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13127068"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2MA00536K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry7020061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18699\/VJGB\u201023\u2010106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42995\u2010023\u201000211\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.5c01370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npp2.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC03434H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c11601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c05667"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010phyto\u2010080417\u2010050141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI\u201021\u20108\u20101015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2026.1770827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.8b00383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010019\u20100191\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007\u2010021\u201000782\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/atbm.1000103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.13129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Tovar\u2010Rosales M.\u2010K.Arthikala andK.Nanjareddy Electrolyte Leakage Assay to Analyze Membrane Integrity in Leaves v1 protocols.io(2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17504\/protocols.io.ewov19j37lr2\/v1.","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.ewov19j37lr2\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2758"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.5c00084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c18519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649\u2010016\u20109643\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c01613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/f10060483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9GC02598G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c04899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c09255"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1164416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md8040968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311\u2010017\u20100670\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847559425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2023.106329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2025.08.018"}],"container-title":["ChemSusChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.71125","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cssc.71125","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cssc.71125","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:24:17Z","timestamp":1792070657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cssc.71125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cssc.71125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cssc.71125","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-5631","1864-564X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-5631","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-564X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71125"}}