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Novel transplant procedures have changed the epidemiology of infections but contemporary data on functional immune recovery are limited. In this pilot study, we aimed to measure immune recovery in the current era of alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty, 13, 11, 9 and 9 alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content> recipients had blood collected at baseline (time of conditioning) and 3\u2010, 6\u2010, 9\u2010, and 12\u2010months post\u2010alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. Clinical data were collected, and immune recovery was measured using immunophenotyping, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine analysis and antibody isotyping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Median absolute T\u2010 and B\u2010cell counts were below normal from baseline until 9\u2010 to 12\u2010months post\u2010alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content>. Median absolute CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell counts recovered at 12\u2010months post\u2010alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content>. Positive proliferative responses to Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>, cytomegalovirus (CMV<\/jats:styled-content>), Epstein\u2010Barr virus (EBV<\/jats:styled-content>), influenza and tetanus antigens were detected from 9\u00a0months. IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106 was the most abundant cytokine in cell cultures. In cultures stimulated with CMV<\/jats:styled-content>, EBV<\/jats:styled-content>, influenza and tetanus peptides, the CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell count correlated with IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.045) and CD<\/jats:styled-content>8+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell count with IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b3 (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.013) and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.012). The NK<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell count correlated with IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2 (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.02) and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017a (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.03). Median serum levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 were normal while IgG4 and IgA were below normal range throughout follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>This pilot study demonstrates that immune recovery can be measured using CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell counts, in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic> antigen stimulation and selected cytokines (IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b3, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201017, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201021, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201031) in alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content> recipients. While larger studies are required, monitoring immune recovery may have utility in predicting infection risk post\u2010alloHSCT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T09:46:44Z","timestamp":1538819204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Contemporary analysis of functional immune recovery to opportunistic and vaccine\u2010preventable infections after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harini D","family":"de Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute Life Sciences Discipline Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Alfred Health and Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary A","family":"Ffrench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute Life Sciences Discipline Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Korem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Alfred Health and Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute Life Sciences Discipline Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Service Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Blood Diseases Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Service Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Service Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushrut","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Service Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine 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Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-03-0993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03457.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.11.3380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2016.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704870"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.022350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2006.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199702)54:2<131::AID-AJH6>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"Panel\u00a0on 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