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The identification of immunogenic neoantigens in tumor\u2010specific mutated proteins has promising clinical implications for cancer immunotherapy. However, the factors that may contribute to neoantigen immunogenicity are not yet fully understood. Through molecular mimicry of antigens arising during cancer progression, the gut microbiota and previously encountered pathogens potentially have profound impacts on T\u2010cell responses to previously unencountered tumor neoantigens. Here, we review the characteristics of immunogenic neoantigens and how host exposure to microbes may affect T\u2010cell responses to neoantigens. We address the hypothesis that pre\u2010existing heterologous memory T\u2010cell immunity is a major factor that influences neoantigen immunogenicity in individual cancer patients. Accumulating data suggest that differences in individual histories of microbial exposure should be taken into account during the optimisation of algorithms that predict neoantigen immunogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,22]],"date-time":"2020-03-22T02:09:31Z","timestamp":1584842971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Pre\u2010existing heterologous T\u2010cell immunity and neoantigen immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qibin","family":"Leng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Cancer Hospital &amp; Institute of Guangzhou Medical University State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China"},{"name":"The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity Guangzhou Women 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