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In this study, we took advantage of the live\u2010attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV)\u00a0vaccine strain, YF\u201017D, as a model system for studying human antiviral immune responses\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      following exposure to an acute primary virus challenge under safe and highly controlled conditions, to comprehensively analyse the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tracked and analysed the response of cTfh and other T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers by flow cytometry over the course of 4\u00a0weeks after YF\u201017D vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using surface staining of cell activation markers to track YFV\u2010specific T cells, we found increasing cTfh cell frequencies starting at day 3 and peaking around 2\u00a0weeks after YF\u201017D vaccination. This kinetic was confirmed in a subgroup of donors using MHC multimer staining for four known MHC class II epitopes of YF\u201017D. The subset composition of cTfh cells changed dynamically during the course of the immune response and was dominated by the cTfh1\u2010polarised subpopulation. Importantly, frequencies of cTfh1 cells correlated with the strength of the neutralising antibody response, whereas frequencies of cTfh17 cells were inversely correlated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, we describe detailed cTfh kinetics during YF\u201017D vaccination. Our results suggest that cTfh expansion and polarisation can serve as a prognostic marker for vaccine success. These insights may be leveraged in the future to improve current vaccine design and strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1589419551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Dynamic changes in circulating T follicular helper cell composition predict neutralising antibody responses after yellow fever vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna E","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine LMU Munich Planegg\u2010Martinsried 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