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Even so, some ALL survivors fail to mount or to maintain protective Abs. Germinal centres (GCs) are clusters of proliferating B cells in follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) formed during adaptive immune responses and the origins of long\u2010lived memory B and plasma cells that are the source of Abs. Furthermore, productive GC reactions depend on T follicular helper (T<jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub>) cells. To understand why chemotherapy induces deficits in Ab responses, we examined how SLTs were affected by chemotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rhesus macaques were infused with either three cycles of the anthracycline doxorubicin or saline, followed by immunisation with a <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> and booster antigen. Spleen and lymph nodes were removed, and memory B, bulk T and T<jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub> cells were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite adequate GC morphology, a diminished memory and IgG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B\u2010cell population along with diminished total and booster vaccine\u2010specific IgG\u2010producing memory B cells were noted in the spleens of macaques with past doxorubicin exposure compared to the saline\u2010treated controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Intact bulk T and T<jats:sub>FH<\/jats:sub> cells were found in the SLTs of treated macaques, which displayed higher CD40L upregulation capacity by their splenic CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> helper T cells (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). In contrast to the spleen, the immune cell populations studied were comparable between the lymph nodes of both saline\u2010 and doxorubicin\u2010treated macaques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that the splenic memory B\u2010cell subset, compared to its lymph node counterpart, is more severely altered by anthracycline treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T12:29:02Z","timestamp":1593692942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deficits in the IgG<sup>+<\/sup> memory B\u2010cell recovery after anthracycline treatment is confined to the spleen of rhesus macaques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gintare","family":"Lasaviciute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmet of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner\u2010Gren Institute Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9as L","family":"Bricaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrika","family":"Hellgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna Division of Immunology and Allergy Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna M","family":"Ingelman\u2010Sundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Childhood Cancer Research Unit Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm 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