{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:02:15Z","timestamp":1790625735653,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":317,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by deficits in social communication and stereotypical behaviours. ASD\u2019s aetiology remains mostly unclear, because of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a strong consensus has developed around ASD\u2019s immune\u2010mediated pathophysiology, which is the subject of this review. For many years, neuroimmunological studies tried to understand ASD as a prototypical antibody\u2010 or cell\u2010mediated disease. Other findings indicated the importance of autoimmune mechanisms such as familial and individual autoimmunity, adaptive immune abnormalities and the influence of infections during gestation. However, recent studies have challenged the idea that autism may be a classical autoimmune disease. Modern neurodevelopmental immunology shows the double\u2010edged nature of many immune effectors, which can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on tissue homeostasis, stressors, neurodevelopmental stage, inherited and <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> gene mutations and other variables. Nowadays, mother\u2013child interactions in the prenatal environment appear to be crucial for the occurrence of ASD. Studies of animal maternal\u2013foetal immune interaction are being fruitfully carried out using different combinations of type and timing of infection, of maternal immune response and foetal vulnerability and of resilience factors to hostile events. The derailed neuroimmune crosstalk through the placenta initiates and maintains a chronic foetal neuroglial activation, eventually causing the alteration of neurogenesis, migration, synapse formation and pruning. The importance of pregnancy can also allow early immune interventions, which can significantly reduce the increasing risk of ASD and its heavy social burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T09:35:13Z","timestamp":1605260113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Immune regulation of neurodevelopment at the mother\u2013foetus interface: the case of autism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Sotgiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatorica","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Neuropsichiatria Infanzia e Adolescenza (UONPIA) ASSL Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child &amp; Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Minutolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child &amp; Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Clotilde","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pisuttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Scoppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bolognesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi \u2010 ONLUS Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi \u2010 ONLUS Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation University of Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca Rosa","family":"Guerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi \u2010 ONLUS Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry Department of Medical Surgical and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30181-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30294-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107560108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0334"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag3194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212c196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1006-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.639803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0128-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2272-17.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0126-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53294-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.04.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad6469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2008.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2014010604"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0778-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2506"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1859-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809339393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Plasma cytokine profiling in sibling pairs discordant for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"14","author":"Napolioni V","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-0315-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2178-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28090-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197912000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-70"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-196"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S146152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016391121003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1123847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104864"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16029"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.1211","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cti2.1211","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.1211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T19:02:38Z","timestamp":1693767758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cti2.1211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cti2.1211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1211","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0068","2050-0068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0068","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-0068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1211"}}