{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:14:35Z","timestamp":1775114075306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1173871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1132975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1132975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1071916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1071916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>As the world transitions into a new era of the COVID\u201019 pandemic in which vaccines become available, there is an increasing demand for rapid reliable serological testing to identify individuals with levels of immunity considered protective by infection or vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used 34 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 samples to perform a rapid surrogate virus neutralisation test (sVNT), applicable to many laboratories as it circumvents the need for biosafety level\u20103 containment. We correlated results from the sVNT with five additional commonly used SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 serology techniques: the microneutralisation test (MNT), in\u2010house ELISAs, commercial Euroimmun\u2010 and Wantai\u2010based ELISAs (RBD, spike and nucleoprotein; IgG, IgA and IgM), antigen\u2010binding avidity, and high\u2010throughput multiplex analyses to profile isotype, subclass and Fc effector binding potential. We correlated antibody levels with antibody\u2010secreting cell (ASC) and circulatory T follicular helper (cTfh) cell numbers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibody data obtained with commercial ELISAs closely reflected results using in\u2010house ELISAs against RBD and spike. A correlation matrix across ten measured ELISA parameters revealed positive correlations for all factors. The frequency of inhibition by rapid sVNT strongly correlated with spike\u2010specific IgG and IgA titres detected by both commercial and in\u2010house ELISAs, and MNT titres. Multiplex analyses revealed strongest correlations between IgG, IgG1, FcR and C1q specific to spike and RBD. Acute cTfh\u2010type 1 cell numbers correlated with spike and RBD\u2010specific IgG antibodies measured by ELISAs and sVNT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our comprehensive analyses provide important insights into SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 humoral immunity across distinct serology assays and their applicability for specific research and\/or diagnostic questions to assess SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific humoral responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T17:32:27Z","timestamp":1614533547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Robust correlations across six SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 serology assays detecting distinct antibody features"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise C","family":"Rowntree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendon Y","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Global Station for Zoonosis Control Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI\u2010CoRE) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suellen","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Koutsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Hensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Douros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Selva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3754-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca L","family":"Mordant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinn Yi","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wuji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise L","family":"Doolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Therapeutics Australian Institute of Tropical Health &amp; Medicine James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Global Station for Zoonosis Control Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI\u2010CoRE) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam K","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio\u2010Nano Science and Technology University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio\u2010Nano Science and Technology University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department Melbourne Sexual Health Centre Alfred Health Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Amanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Krammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanta","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen C","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0020-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy W","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Catton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory The Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi HO","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien E","family":"van de Sandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Hematopoiesis Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Kedzierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Global Station for Zoonosis Control Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI\u2010CoRE) Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30457-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30073-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Public Health England.Investigation of novel SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variant; Variant of Concern 202012\/01.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0995-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.2.1.10788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","article-title":"Distinct systems serology features in children, elderly and COVID patients","author":"Selva KJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19545-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17317-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","article-title":"Major role of IgM in the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102","author":"Gasser R","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Antibody functional assays as measures of Fc receptor\u2010mediated immunity to HIV \u2013 new technologies and their impact on the HIV vaccine field","volume":"15","author":"Wines BD","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI141054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1083-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4091438"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Universal immunity to influenza must outwit immune evasion","volume":"5","author":"Qui\u00f1ones\u2010Parra S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30773-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 require intact Fc effector functions and monocytes for optimal therapeutic protection","author":"Winkler ES","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","article-title":"Decay of Fc\u2010dependent antibody functions after mild to moderate COVID\u201019","author":"Lee WS","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","article-title":"Antibody potency, effector function and combinations in protection from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection in vivo","author":"Sch\u00e4fer A","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Australia.COVID\u201019 test kits included in the ARTG for legal supply in Australia. [updated 24\/12\/2020]. Available from:https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/covid\u201019\u2010test\u2010kits\u2010included\u2010artg\u2010legal\u2010supply\u2010australia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration.EUA Authorized Serology Test Performance[updated 12\/07\/20]. Available from:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical\u2010devices\/coronavirus\u2010disease\u20102019\u2010covid\u201019\u2010emergency\u2010use\u2010authorizations\u2010medical\u2010devices\/eua\u2010authorized\u2010serology\u2010test\u2010performance"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.1258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cti2.1258","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.1258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:04:43Z","timestamp":1693613083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cti2.1258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cti2.1258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.1258","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0068","2050-0068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0068","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-0068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1258"}}