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The pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood, nor if they affect the humoral immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate humoral immune responses to hantavirus infection and to correlate them to the typical features of HFRS: thrombocytopenia and transient kidney dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a comprehensive characterisation of longitudinal antiviral B\u2010cell responses of 26 hantavirus patients and combined this with paired clinical data. In addition, we measured extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its breakdown products in circulation and performed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      stimulations to address its effect on B cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that thrombocytopenia was correlated to an elevated frequency of plasmablasts in circulation. In contrast, kidney dysfunction was indicative of an accumulation of CD27\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells and CD27\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/low<\/jats:sup>\n                      plasmablasts. Finally, we provide evidence that high levels of extracellular ATP and matrix metalloproteinase 8 can contribute to shedding of CD27 during human hantavirus infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate that thrombocytopenia and kidney dysfunction associate with distinctly different effects on the humoral immune system. Moreover, hantavirus\u2010infected individuals have significantly elevated levels of extracellular ATP in circulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T20:20:57Z","timestamp":1626121257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Generation of plasma cells and CD27\n                    <sup>\u2212<\/sup>\n                    IgD\n                    <sup>\u2212<\/sup>\n                    B cells during hantavirus infection is associated with distinct pathological findings"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6212-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla F","family":"Kerkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Ume\u00e5 Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) Umea 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