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Natural killer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content>) cells are heterogeneous lymphocytes that have gained increasing attention owing to their potential roles in autoimmune disorders. This study will investigate the relationship between the distinct NK cell subsets and MG pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 33 MG patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Circulating NK cells, their subtypes and follicular helper T cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody levels were determined by ELISA. The role of NK cells in the regulation of B cells was verified using a co\u2010culture assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myasthenia gravis patients with acute exacerbations had a reduced number of total NK cells, CD56<jats:sup>dim<\/jats:sup> NK cells and IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010secreting NK cells in the peripheral blood, while CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NK cells were significantly elevated. CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NK cells expressed a higher level of ICOS and PD\u20101 and a lower level of IFN\u2010\u03b3 than those in CXCR5<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NK cells and were positively correlated with Tfh cell and AChR antibody levels. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments demonstrated that NK cells suppressed plasmablast differentiation while promoting CD80 and PD\u2010L1 expression on B cells in an IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010dependent manner. Furthermore, CXCR5<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NK cells inhibited plasmablast differentiation, while CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NK cells could more efficiently promote B cell proliferation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results reveal that CXCR5<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> NK cells exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions compared with CXCR5<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> NK cells and might participate in the pathogenesis of MG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T23:50:32Z","timestamp":1684799432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Circulating <scp>CXCR5<\/scp><sup>+<\/sup> natural killer cells are expanded in patients with myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meng\u2010Ru","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital  Jinan China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun\u2010Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital  Jinan China"},{"name":"Shandong Institute of Neuroimmunology  Jinan China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Neuroimmunology  Jinan 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