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Although dysregulated in acute and chronic conditions, the tissue is often overlooked immunologically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this issue, we applied single\u2010cell transcriptomic\u2010V(D)J sequencing to FACS\u2010isolated CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> caecal patch\/lamina propria leukocytes from a healthy (5\u2010year\u2010old) female rhesus macaque <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> and coupled these data to VDJ deep sequencing reads from haematopoietic tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found caecal NK cells and ILC3s to co\u2010exist with a spectrum of effector T\u00a0cells partially derived from <jats:italic>SOX4<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> recent thymic emigrants. Tolerogenic V\u03b38V\u03b41\u2010T cells, plastic CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T helper cells and <jats:italic>GZMK<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>EOMES<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>TMIGD2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> tissue\u2010resident memory CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells were present and differed metabolically. An <jats:italic>IL13<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>GATA3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> subset expressing eicosanoid pathway enzymes was accompanied by <jats:italic>IL1RL1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>GATA3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> regulatory T\u00a0cells and a minor\u00a0proportion of IgE<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> plasma cells (PCs), illustrating tightly regulated type 2 immunity devoid of ILC2s. In terms of B lymphocyte lineages, caecal patch antigen\u2010presenting memory B cells sat alongside germinal centre cells undergoing somatic hypermutation and differentiation into <jats:italic>IGF1<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> PCs. Prototypic gene\u00a0expression signatures decreased across PC clusters, and notably, expanded IgA clonotypes could be traced in VDJ deep sequencing reads from additional compartments, including the bone marrow, supporting that these cells contribute a steady stream of systemic antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data advance our understanding of caecal immunological function, revealing processes involved in barrier maintenance and molecular networks relevant to disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T09:01:50Z","timestamp":1714640510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maintenance of caecal homeostasis by diverse adaptive immune cells in the rhesus 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