{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:59:57Z","timestamp":1787579997591,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":288,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221803\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221803\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R001871\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R001871\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased susceptibility to infections, including those caused by <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Why RA is associated with increased susceptibility to <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is poorly understood. This study aims to assess the effects of RA and B\u2010cell depletion therapy on naturally acquired antibody responses to 289\u2009<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> protein antigens using a novel protein array.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IgG responses to <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were characterised in serum from RA patients and disease controls (myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)) using whole\u2010cell ELISA, a flow cytometry opsonisation assay and an <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> protein array. For the RA patients, results were compared before and after B\u2010cell depletion therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to a well\u2010characterised disease control group of ME\/CFS patients, RA patients had reduced antibody responses to multiple <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> protein antigens, with significant IgG recognition of approximately half the number of antigens along with reduced median strengths of these responses. Reduction in multiple array antigen\u2010specific responses also correlated with reduced IgG opsonisation of <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Although B\u2010cell depletion therapy with rituximab did not reduce overall IgG recognition of <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the RA group, it was associated with marked disruption of pre\u2010existing IgG repertoire to protein antigens in individual patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data show RA is associated with major disruption of naturally acquired adaptive immunity to <jats:italic>S.\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, which can be assessed rapidly using a protein antigen array and is likely to contribute towards the increased incidence of pneumonia in patients with RA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T06:01:02Z","timestamp":1729058462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Naturally acquired adaptive immunity to <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i> is impaired in rheumatoid arthritis patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7326-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ercoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Selway\u2010Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena","family":"Truijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milda","family":"Folkmanaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tate","family":"Oulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology London School of Hygiene &amp; 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