{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:41:30Z","timestamp":1785760890417,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":326,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":326,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1159272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1159272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE210101479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE210101479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recent H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in the USA has sparked fresh fears of avian viruses causing the next pandemic. To date, the H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) outbreak in cattle has spread across several states in the USA, with several humans infected following exposure to cows. This H5N1 clade is also reportedly circulating across Europe, Africa and South America. H5N1 was also detected in a child returning to Australia following travel in India where H5N1 (clade 2.3.2.1a) is also reported to be circulating. There are no licenced vaccines against H5N1 avian influenza viruses for humans. Current vaccines aim to protect against seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 variants are unlikely to provide much protection against the different H5, or other avian viruses. CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cells are known to provide protection against influenza infection, enhancing viral control and decreasing disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently compiled and published a list of the known immunogenic influenza\u2010derived CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cell epitopes restricted to the most prevalent 10 HLA\u2010A, \u2010B and \u2010C molecules worldwide. We assessed the conservation of a curated list of these influenza A virus\u2010derived CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cell epitopes in H5N1 viruses' sequences at the heart of the outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified that &gt;\u200964% of the CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cell epitopes are highly conserved (&gt;\u200990% sequence identity) in the H5N1 viruses, with 60% (18\/30) of the most prevalent HLA\u2010I molecules have at least one immunogenic CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u00a0cell epitope conserved in H5N1 viruses. Together these HLA\u2010I molecules with conserved epitopes have a cumulative total of &gt;\u2009100% global coverage. Epitopes derived from the NP, M1, PB2, NS1 and PB1 proteins displayed the highest level of conservation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, this analysis highlights that globally there is the potential for T\u00a0cell cross\u2010recognition against the H5N1 viruses that may provide some protection in humans towards the current avian flu outbreak.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T12:40:32Z","timestamp":1732279232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<scp>CD<\/scp>8<sup>+<\/sup> T\u00a0cell epitope conservation in emerging <scp>H<\/scp>5<scp>N<\/scp>1 viruses suggests global protection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Emma J","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS) La Trobe University  Bundoora VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE) La Trobe University  Bundoora VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS) La Trobe University  Bundoora VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE) La Trobe University  Bundoora VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University  Clayton VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Technical Report: June 2024 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses. 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