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This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on immune responses to vaccines against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples, from a subset of 275 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010na\u00efve healthcare workers randomised to BCG vaccination (BCG group) or no BCG vaccination (Control group) in the BRACE trial, were collected before and 28\u2009days after the primary course (two\u00a0doses) of ChAdOx1\u2010S (Oxford\u2010AstraZeneca) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer\u2010BioNTech) vaccination. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific antibodies were measured using ELISA and multiplex bead array, whole blood cytokine responses to \u03b3\u2010irradiated SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 (iSARS) stimulation were measured by multiplex bead array, and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses were measured by activation\u2010induced marker and intracellular cytokine staining assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After randomisation (mean 11\u2009months) but prior to COVID\u201019 vaccination, the BCG group had lower cytokine responses to iSARS stimulation than the Control group. After two doses of ChAdOx1\u2010S, differences in iSARS\u2010induced cytokine responses between the BCG group and Control group were found for three cytokines (CTACK, TRAIL and VEGF). No differences were found between the groups after BNT162b2 vaccination. There were also no differences between the BCG and Control groups in COVID\u201019 vaccine\u2010induced antigen\u2010specific antibody responses, T\u2010cell activation or T\u2010cell cytokine production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BCG vaccination induced a broad and persistent reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytokine responses to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Following COVID\u201019 vaccination, this effect was abrogated, and BCG vaccination did not influence adaptive immune responses to COVID\u201019 vaccine antigens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T09:00:29Z","timestamp":1737795629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of Bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin vaccination on immune responses to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and COVID\u201019 vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8404-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole L","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Group, Infection, Immunity and Global Health Theme Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Parkville VIC Australia"},{"name":"Department of 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