{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1785339037576,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":351,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015676","name":"NSW Health Pathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023410","name":"Snow Medical","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Examine the role of T\u00a0cells in shaping and sustaining humoral immunity to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and identify immune factors associated with durable antibody responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Unvaccinated adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200967) with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection (Wuhan) of any severity were followed longitudinally for up to 14\u2009months. Anti\u2010Spike (S) binding and neutralising antibodies were measured. Bulk T\u00a0cell IFN\u03b3 and IL\u20102 responses were assessed by Fluorospot to multiple viral proteins. S\u2010specific T\u2010cell subsets and functions were analysed in detail by flow cytometry in a subset of participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914), combining activation\u2010induced markers (AIMs) and cytokines. Correlations between S\u2010specific T\u2010cell subsets, their polyfunctionality and antibody levels over time were defined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over 14\u2009months post infection, anti\u2010S IgG and neutralising antibodies declined significantly but remained detectable in &gt;\u200985% of participants. Bulk T\u2010cell IFN\u03b3 and IL\u20102 responses persisted without significant reduction. However, S\u2010specific CD4 T\u00a0cells declined over time. A large proportion of these were peripheral helper T\u00a0cells (Tph; CXCR5\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      PD\u20101\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), which were the main producers of IL\u201021 and showed marked polyfunctionality during early convalescence, in contrast to circulating follicular helper T\u00a0cells (cTfh). The early presence of polyfunctional, IL\u201021\u2010producing Tph strongly correlated with S\u2010specific IgG and neutralising antibodies early post\u2010infection and predicted neutralising antibody maintenance a year later. Older age correlated with higher Tph and antibody levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early S\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses\u2014particularly polyfunctional, IL\u201021\u2010producing Tph cells\u2014play a key role in sustaining durable antibody levels post\u2010infection, offering insights for future vaccine strategies and understanding long\u2010term immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:30:42Z","timestamp":1766050242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polyfunctional T peripheral helper cells are associated with the magnitude and durability of antibody responses after COVID\u201019"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katie","family":"Tungatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research  Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Martins Costa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research  Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L","family":"Fewings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research  Westmead NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aija","family":"Stubis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Virus Research The Westmead Institute for Medical Research  Westmead NSW 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