{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:19:22Z","timestamp":1785831562775,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we characterised the diversity and persistence of immunological memory cells\u2014particularly tissue\u2010resident memory T\u00a0(T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and B (B\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) cells\u2014in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues of healthy vaccinated (HV) individuals and those who experienced SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 breakthrough infection (BR).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasopharynx (NP) samples were obtained using brushing from HV and BR subjects. Immune cell populations were analysed using transcriptomic profiling and flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Transcriptomic profiling revealed that the NP of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010infected individuals exhibited distinctive signatures of lymphocyte\u2010mediated immunity, underscoring its role as a key site for viral invasion and immune activation. Effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T (T\n                      <jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) cells, along with non\u2010germinal center (GC) B cells, predominated in the NP. Although overall frequencies of memory T\u2009cells were comparable between HV and BR groups, CD4+ T\n                      <jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and GC B cells were significantly enriched in the NP of BR individuals at least 1\u2009year post infection. Notably, over 80% of CD4+ T\n                      <jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 40% of CD8+ T\n                      <jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells were T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and more than 30% of memory B cells exhibited a B\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      phenotype. These populations of CD4+, CD8+ T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      persisted in the NP for over 2\u2009years following SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection or vaccination. In particular, CD4+ T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells were significantly more abundant and durably maintained in the NP mucosa of BR individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings identify the nasopharynx as a key site of long\u2010lived immunological memory, marked by persistent T\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B\n                      <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                      cells after SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T02:35:03Z","timestamp":1768185303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prolonged persistence of tissue\u2010resident memory cells in the upper airway following\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 infection and vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3462-3789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunkyung","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital  Cheonan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jina","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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