{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:55:49Z","timestamp":1773006949296,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009727","name":"Hospital Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001232","name":"Royal Australasian College of Physicians","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to identify determinants of vaccine response in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving B\u2010cell\u2010depleting therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a prospective single\u2010centre cohort study (ACTRN12623001249640). Peripheral blood samples were collected from pwMS receiving ocrelizumab (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200938) before and after a third dose of COVID\u201019 mRNA vaccine. Immunogenicity was measured by T\u2010cell IFN\u2010\u03b3 ELISpot, antibody titres and live virus neutralisation. Humoral immunity was benchmarked against pwMS receiving natalizumab (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915), and against a correlate of real\u2010world protection (50% reduction in incidence of infection). The peripheral immune phenotype was assessed by high\u2010parameter flow cytometry and tested for association with vaccine response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u00a0cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells were lower in pwMS receiving ocrelizumab, while CD27\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cell frequencies were elevated relative to natalizumab. Following a third dose, 51% of pwMS on ocrelizumab were seropositive for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 receptor\u2010binding domain Ig, and 25% and 14% met the threshold for effective neutralisation of live ancestral and omicron BA.5 virus, respectively. B\u2010cell frequency at the time of vaccination, but not time since ocrelizumab infusion, positively correlated with antibody response. Immunomodulatory CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells were negatively associated with antibody response. CD3\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells (% of lymphocytes) and CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cells (% of NK cells) were associated with effective virus neutralisation in prior non\u2010responders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Time since ocrelizumab infusion was not associated with protective vaccination. Evaluation of B\u2010cell and CD56\n                      <jats:sup>bright<\/jats:sup>\n                      NK cell frequencies may provide a personalised strategy to stratify pwMS for vaccination and prophylaxis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T10:26:19Z","timestamp":1770719179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>\n                      CD56\n                      <sup>bright<\/sup>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    <scp>NK<\/scp>\n                    cells are negatively associated with antibody response to vaccination in people with multiple sclerosis on B\u2010cell\u2010depleting therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griffith B","family":"Perkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Immunology Directorate, SA Pathology  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher M","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Medicine Women's and Children's Hospital  North Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng Sheng","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Tunbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8567-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Central Adelaide Local Health Network  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joey","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Adelaide Local Health Network  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur Eng Lip","family":"Yeow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Viral Immunology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adelaide University  Woodville SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makutiro G","family":"Masavuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Viral Immunology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adelaide University  Woodville SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Scaffidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D","family":"Zuiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anouschka","family":"Akerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anupriya","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Milogiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0869-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew B","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Plinio R","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Turville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Grubor\u2010Bauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Viral Immunology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research Adelaide University  Woodville SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon C","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Medicine Women's and Children's Hospital  North Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janakan","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick Toby","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pravin","family":"Hissaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Adelaide University  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Immunology Directorate, SA Pathology  Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Department of Immunology Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00059-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.11497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01507-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05940-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.101351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abi4632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20594-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103581"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/discim\/kyad012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.3146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2876"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73849"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-007-0803-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517717088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26519-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182143564"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12347"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57114-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601335103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516679267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02228-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2021-0126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06634-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00824-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","article-title":"mTOR inhibitors and vaccine response in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"22","author":"Perkins GB","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060608"}],"container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.70079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cti2.70079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cti2.70079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:43:52Z","timestamp":1772999032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cti2.70079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cti2.70079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cti2.70079","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-0068","2050-0068"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-0068","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-0068","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70079"}}