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The role of the glomerular microenvironment in driving IgAN heterogeneity remains largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) to analyse 34 primary IgAN renal biopsies. A panel of 35 protein markers was used to identify and characterise 17 cell clusters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune cells composed of 9.64% of the glomerular cell population, with macrophages being the predominant subset. While there was no significant difference in the overall percentage of immune cells across glomeruli exhibiting different pathological features, including mesangial proliferation, global sclerosis, segmental sclerosis and crescents, the infiltration pattern of these cells was distinct. Neighbourhood analysis revealed that the interaction mode of M1\u2010like macrophages varied significantly among these four glomerular pathology types. Severe IgAN (Lee grades IV\u2013V) was associated with a lower glomerular M1\/M2\u2010like macrophage infiltration ratio compared to mild IgAN (Lee grade III). The M1\/M2\u2010like macrophage ratio positively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while M2\u2010like macrophages correlated with proteinuria, and T\u00a0cells were associated with haematuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study findings underscore that glomerular immune cell subtypes and their interaction patterns critically influence pathological and clinical outcomes, suggesting a new potential direction for molecular therapeutic strategies targeting the IgAN microenvironment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:14:22Z","timestamp":1773458062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling the immune landscape and microenvironmental architecture of\n                    <scp>IgA<\/scp>\n                    nephropathy using single\u2010cell imaging mass cytometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology (Fujian Provincial Clinical Research Center for Glomerular Nephritis), The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Xiamen for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy  Xiamen 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