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We aimed at investigating whether circulating innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) contribute to these processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Circulating ILCs from patients with recent\u2010onset T1D (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) and age\u2010matched healthy donors were analysed by spectral flow cytometry and targeted gene\u2010expression profiling of purified ILC progenitors (ILCP). Metabolic and inflammatory modulation of ILC activation was assessed in vitro. Antigen presentation to autologous memory CD4 T\u00a0cells was functionally evaluated. Findings were examined across disease progression in NOD mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total ILC frequencies were comparable between groups; however, ILC1 and ILCP from T1D patients displayed increased activation markers (CD69, HLA\u2010DR). ILCP exhibited reduced expression of migratory (CCR7, CCR6) and regulatory\u2010associated genes (ICOS, CD58). Glycolytic inhibition selectively attenuated ILCP activation, supporting a metabolic contribution. IL\u20101\u03b2, and to a lesser extent IFN\u03b3, enhanced antigen presentation\u2010associated phenotypes in human circulating ILCs. Upon inflammatory pre\u2010activation, insulin peptide\u2010loaded circulating ILCs upregulated MHC class II\u2013associated markers and induced antigen\u2010specific activation of autologous CD4\u207a memory T\u00a0cells. NOD mice recapitulated ILC activation and MHC class II expression patterns during diabetes progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating ILCs in recent\u2010onset T1D display a pre\u2010activated, metabolically regulated phenotype with functional antigen\u2010presenting capacity, supporting a potential role in autoimmune amplification. The findings of this exploratory study provide translational insight into innate immune dysregulation associated with recent\u2010onset T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:40:09Z","timestamp":1780332009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alterations of circulating innate lymphoid cells in recent\u2010onset type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3866-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariadna","family":"Roig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology University of Barcelona  Barcelona 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