{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1785214834625,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin &amp;amp; Trans Imm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Onchocerciasis, caused by the filarial worm\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , remains a major public health challenge because of the limitations of ivermectin\u2010based control strategies, thereby highlighting the need for more innovative tools such as vaccines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a novel multi\u2010epitope chimeric antigen,\n                      <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                      MANE1 formulated with Freund's adjuvant, in BALB\/c mice. Mice were immunised at three time points of 2\u2010week intervals, with blood collected at each point to measure antibody levels and immune cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adjuvanted\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                      MANE1 exhibited a promising safety profile, revealing neither any physical signs of toxicity nor behavioural abnormalities. Immunological assays showed significant increases in total IgG absorbance (OD 450\u2009nm) after the first (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0260) and final booster doses (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). Total IgG (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0086) and IgG1 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0465) absorbances also increased significantly over the study period, suggesting sustained humoral immunity. Moreover, cellular responses were significantly enhanced, with elevated leucocyte count (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0190) and increased lymphocyte activity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0397) observed in the adjuvanted\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                      MANE1 group compared to the control. Indeed, total leucocytes increased progressively from Day 0 to Day 39, with significant differences recorded in the test group between doses: Days 0\u201314 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0043) and Days 14\u201328 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0079). The pronounced production of relevant antibodies and induction of cellular immunity is indicative of a mixed Th1\/Th2 response and antibody\u2010dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) targeting\n                      <jats:italic>O.\u2009volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L3 and\/or other larval stages of the parasite.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results position\n                      <jats:italic>Ov<\/jats:italic>\n                      MANE1 as a promising vaccine candidate against human onchocerciasis. However, further\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies are needed to confirm and expand these findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:55:10Z","timestamp":1782849310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted human onchocerciasis vaccine candidate,\n                    <i>Ov<\/i>\n                    <scp>MANE1<\/scp>\n                    : preclinical evaluation in a mice model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5815-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick Neba","family":"Nebangwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science University of Buea  Buea Cameroon"},{"name":"Center for Drug Discovery University of Buea  Buea Cameroon"},{"name":"CoVACC, Community\u2010Led Vaccination  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3837-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Teke","family":"Efeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science University of Buea  Buea Cameroon"},{"name":"Frailty in Ageing Research Group Vrije University Brussels  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Vrije University Brussels  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia M. 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