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NK cells display promising responses as a cell therapy, exhibiting remarkable safety at high doses. Moreover, NK cells have complementary cytokine profiles and distinct antigen\u2010recognition pathways to supplement CAR T\u00a0cell therapies. We demonstrate parallel expansion of NK cells from the normally discarded PBMC of CAR T\u00a0cell production for downstream combination therapies against solid and blood\u2010borne malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CAR T\u00a0cells were manufactured from buffy coats with initial isolation of T\u00a0cells from PBMC. NK cells were rapidly expanded in parallel by stimulating the remaining PBMC with membrane\u2010bound (mb)IL\u201021\u2009+\u2009mbIL\u201015 feeder cells. Expanded NK cells were assessed through spectral flow cytometry and applied as a pretreatment prior to CAR Tcell infusion against xenograft tumor models in NOD\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>scid<\/jats:italic>\n                      IL2Rgamma\n                      <jats:sup>null<\/jats:sup>\n                      (NSG) mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Applying feeder cells to residual PBMC stimulated 5000\u2010fold expansions of pure NK cells. Expanded NK cells expressed various activation receptors and displayed strong\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytotoxicity, which was further improved in CAR T\u2010conditioned medium. A pretreatment of NK cells enhanced existing CAR T\u00a0cell therapies, improving\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      tumor clearance and survival against breast cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma. While NK cells eliminated CD19\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      variants\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , they were unable to suppress antigen\u2010escape relapse\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study encourages the optimal use of leukapheresis product. By recycling discarded PBMC into NK cells, CAR T\u00a0cell therapies can be effectively enhanced, improving tumor clearance and survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:41:26Z","timestamp":1788320486000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parallel processing of T\u00a0cells and natural killer cells to enhance\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    <scp>CAR<\/scp>\n                    T\u00a0cell activity against blood and solid cancers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5745-8706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan J","family":"Dobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"},{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney  Camperdown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick W","family":"Marron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana HT","family":"Drabble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiloma D","family":"Liyanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0665-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine C","family":"Pe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare Y","family":"Slaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre  Melbourne VIC Australia"},{"name":"Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne  Parkville VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry D","family":"Hock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"Haematology Department Christchurch Hospital  Christchurch New 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