{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:56:44Z","timestamp":1789081004544,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection is persistently threatening the lives of thousands of individuals globally. It triggers pulmonary oedema, driving to dyspnoea and lung failure. Viral infectivity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) is a genuine challenge due to the mutagenic genome and mysterious immune\u2010pathophysiology. Early reports highlighted that extracellular vesicles (exosomes, Exos) work to enhance COVID\u201019 progression by mediating viral transmission, replication and mutations. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that Exos derived from immune cells play an essential role in the promotion of immune cell exhaustion by transferring regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs from exhausted cells to the active cells. Fortunately, there are great chances to modulate the immune functions of Exos towards a sustained repression of COVID\u201019. Engineered Exos hold promising immunotherapeutic opportunities for remodelling cytotoxic T cells\u2019 function. Immune cell\u2010derived Exos may trigger a stable epigenetic repression of viral infectivity, restore functional cytokine\u2010producing T cells and rebalance immune response in severe infections by inducing functional T regulatory cells (Tregs). This review introduces a view on the current outcomes of immunopathology, and immunotherapeutic applications of immune cell\u2010derived Exos in COVID\u201019, besides new perspectives to develop novel patterns of engineered Exos triggering novel anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T18:18:26Z","timestamp":1661105906000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Promising use of immune cell\u2010derived exosomes in the treatment of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1444-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murad","family":"Alahdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center University of Nizwa  Nizwa Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyad","family":"Elkord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center University of Nizwa  Nizwa Oman"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford  Manchester United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1637-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.835998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.889811"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 whole genome sequencing in Ontario, June 7, 2022","author":"Public Health Ontario","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"RBD mutations from circulating SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 strains enhance the structure stability and infectivity of the spike protein","author":"Ou J","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.843928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.12.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-021-03311-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","article-title":"Use of siltuximab in patients with COVID\u201019 pneumonia requiring ventilatory support","author":"Gritti G","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01130-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0334-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05325-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4COVCRA0820-481RRR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Nucleic acid functionalized extracellular vesicles as promising therapeutic systems for nanomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Liu C","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"2897","article-title":"miR\u2011146a regulates the function of Th17 cell differentiation to modulate cervical cancer cell growth and apoptosis through NF\u2011\u03baB signaling by targeting TRAF6","volume":"41","author":"Li T","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0333-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00439-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00716-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86134-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Potential application of exosomes in vaccine development and delivery","author":"Huda MN","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0282-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.716407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1587-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl\u20102020\u20100389"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109904"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27893-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1785161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000694"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303906110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15961-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8481013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301642200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14000-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022.55.1.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12321-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2018-105439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1601479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0120"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01351-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25839-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02209-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.783227"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","article-title":"DNA methylation and gene expression pattern of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes in saliva samples of patients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection","author":"Misra P","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30257-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00688-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.584283"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00951\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2007.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3623898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-021-00352-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24531-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207550200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535615"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ctm2.1026","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ctm2.1026","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ctm2.1026","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T05:42:29Z","timestamp":1692682949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ctm2.1026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ctm2.1026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ctm2.1026","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2001-1326","2001-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2001-1326","type":"print"},{"value":"2001-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"article-number":"e1026"}}