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Immune cells dominate the cellular contexts in MPE with more T\/NK cells and less osteoclasts compared to PT samples. Of T\/NK cells, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>GNLY<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>KLRC2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and FCGR3A<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK cells were enriched in MPE but CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>FOXP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tregs were enriched in PT samples. Na\u00efve IGHD<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B and immune regulatory IGHA1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells were largely identified in MPE, whereas bone metabolism\u2010related CLEC11A<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B cells were significantly enriched in osteosarcoma PT. M2\u2010type TAMs, including CLEC11A_TAM, C1QC_TAM and Prolif_TAMs, among myeloid cells were enriched in PT, which may suppress cytotoxicity activities of T cells through multiple ligand\u2013receptor interactions. Mature LAMP3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DCs were transformed from CD1C<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DC and CLEC9A<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> DC sub\u2010clusters when exposure to tumour alloantigens, which may improve T cell cytotoxicity activities on tumour cells under anti\u2010PD\u2010L1 treatments. In further, immune cells from MPE usually present up\u2010regulated glycolysis and down\u2010regulated oxidative phosphorylation and riboflavin metabolism activities compared to those in PT samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provided a novel cellular atlas of MPE and PT in patients with advanced osteosarcoma, which may provide potential therapeutic targets in the future.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T12:25:41Z","timestamp":1666959941000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Characterization of the tumour microenvironment phenotypes in malignant tissues and pleural effusion from advanced osteoblastic osteosarcoma patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhichang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Department of Shanghai Jiao Tong University 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