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However, factors such as insufficient T cell tracking, tumour heterogeneity, inhibitory tumour microenvironment (TME) and T cell exhaustion limit the broad application of CAR\u2010based immunotherapy for solid tumours. In particular, the TME is a complex and evolving entity, which is composed of cells of different types (e.g., cancer cells, immune cells and stromal cells), vasculature, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM), with each component playing a critical role in CAR\u2010T immunotherapy. Thus, developing approaches to mitigate the inhibitory TME factors is critical for future success in applying CAR\u2010T cells for solid tumour treatment. Accordingly, understanding the bilateral interaction of CAR\u2010T cells with the TME is in pressing need to pave the way for more efficient therapeutics. 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