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Although organoids have been proposed for a decade, concerns exist, including batch\u2010to\u2010batch variations, lack of the native microenvironment and clinical applicability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concept of organoids has derived patient\u2010derived tumour organoids (PDTOs) for personalized drug screening and new drug discovery, mitigating the risks of medication misuse. The greater the similarity between the PDTOs and the primary tumours, the more influential the model will be. Recently, \u2018tumour assembloids\u2019 inspired by cell\u2010coculture technology have attracted attention to complement the current PDTO technology. High\u2010quality PDTOs must reassemble critical components, including multiple cell types, tumour matrix, paracrine factors, angiogenesis and microorganisms. This review begins with a brief overview of the history of organoids and PDTOs, followed by the current approaches for generating PDTOs and tumour assembloids. Personalized drug screening has been practised; however, it remains unclear whether PDTOs can predict immunotherapies, including immune drugs (e.g. immune checkpoint inhibitors) and immune cells (e.g. tumour\u2010infiltrating lymphocyte, T cell receptor\u2010engineered T cell and chimeric antigen receptor\u2010T cell). PDTOs, as cancer avatars of the patients, can be expanded and stored to form a biobank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fundamental research and clinical trials are ongoing, and the intention is to use these models to replace animals. Pre\u2010clinical immunotherapy screening using PDTOs will be beneficial to cancer patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The current PDTO models have not yet constructed key cellular and non\u2010cellular components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>PDTOs should be expandable and editable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>PDTOs are promising preclinical models for immunotherapy unless mature PDTOs can be established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>PDTO biobanks with consensual standards are urgently needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T03:24:29Z","timestamp":1714101869000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Tumour organoids and assembloids: 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