{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:23:44Z","timestamp":1792023824831,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2302403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2302403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31991173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31991173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31991170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31991170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Translational Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>In situations involving continuous exposure to antigens, such as chronic infections or cancer, antigen\u2010specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells can become dysfunctional or exhausted. This change is marked by increased expression levels of inhibitory receptors (PD\u20101 and Tim\u20103). Stem\u2010like progenitor exhausted (Tpex) cells, a subset of exhausted cells that express TCF\u20101 and are mainly found in the lymph nodes, demonstrate the ability to self\u2010renew and exhibit a high rate of proliferation. Tpex cells can further differentiate into transitional intermediate exhausted (Tex\u2010int) cells and terminally exhausted (Tex\u2010term) cells. Alternatively, they can directly differentiate into Tex\u2010term cells. Tpex cells are the predominant subset that respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), making them a prime candidate for improving the efficacy of ICI therapy. This review article aimed to present the latest developments in the field of Tpex formation, expansion, and differentiation in the context of cancer, as well as their responses to ICIs in cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, it may be possible to develop novel treatments that exclusively target Tpex cells, thus improving overall treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key points<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Tpex cells are located in lymph nodes and TLS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Several pathways control the differentiation trajectories of Tpex cells, including epigenetic factors, transcription factors, cytokines, age, sex, etc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T04:33:36Z","timestamp":1724301216000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Potential mechanisms of cancer stem\u2010like progenitor T\u2010cell bio\u2010behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and School of Basic Medicine Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-020-0183-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0312-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01219-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg7836"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2221985120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04849-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27179-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00722-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06733-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40398-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adh1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo4577"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Harnessing the IL\u201021\u2010BATF pathway in the CD8(+) T cell anti\u2010tumor response","author":"Topchyan P","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1117092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf6621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41352-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq2630"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23044-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0480-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0733-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0725-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002809"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02345-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000526899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-21-0265"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-1818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.048"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ctm2.1817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T04:32:57Z","timestamp":1736483577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ctm2.1817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ctm2.1817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ctm2.1817","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2001-1326","2001-1326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2001-1326","type":"print"},{"value":"2001-1326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"article-number":"e1817"}}