{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:31:03Z","timestamp":1782307863198,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp;amp; Translational Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) remains the most common type of leukaemia in adults. Despite advances in conventional therapies, high relapse rates persist, underscoring the need for novel approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR\u2010T) cell therapy. C\u2010type lectin\u2010like molecule\u20101 (CLL1)\u2010targeted CAR\u2010T emerges as a promising treatment for relapsed\/refractory (R\/R) AML. Although approximately 70% patients achieved remission, only a subset achieved minimal residual disease\u2010negative remission, which still has much room for improvement. The main reasons for the failure of CLL1 CAR\u2010T\u2010cell therapy include: (1) persistence of\u00a0CLL1\u2010negative AML cells persist due to antigen escape; (2) downregulation of interleukin (IL)\u201012 and other cytokines by the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), contributing to the exhaustion of both endogenous T cells and CLL1 CAR\u2010T cells.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We synthesise a combination of CAR\u2010engineered dendritic cells (CAR\u2010DCs) and CLL1 CAR\u2010T cells to overcome current limitations. CAR\u2010DCs enhance antigen cross\u2010presentation to activate endogenous T cells against antigen\u2010negative clones, secrete immunostimulatory cytokines (e.g., IL\u201012) to sustain CAR\u2010T activity, and remodel the TME. Key challenges involve optimising CAR designs (e.g., incorporating Fms\u2010like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand [FLT\u20103L] or CD40 signalling domains), mitigating toxicity and establishing clinical administration protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, a focused discussion was provided on the specific challenges limiting CLL1\u2010targeted CAR\u2010T\u2010cell therapy in R\/R AML, namely antigen escape and the TME, and a novel combination strategy of CAR\u2010DCs with CLL1 CAR\u2010T cells was proposed as a promising approach to mitigate these barriers. Here, the rationale, current research advances, and future perspectives of this synergistic strategy were critically examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Our earlier clinical trials showed that C\u2010type lectin\u2010like molecule\u20101 (CLL1)\u2010targeted therapy\u00a0for refractory\/relapse acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was validated, which still has a considerable room for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We summarise the clinical trials and basic research on the dendritic cell (DC) therapy and\u00a0chimeric antigen receptor\u2010engineered DC (CAR\u2010DC) therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We explored the synergistic mechanism and prospects of CLL1 CAR\u2010DC cells combined with CLL1 CAR\u2010T cells in AML.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:52:35Z","timestamp":1764139955000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CAR\u2010DC combined with CAR\u2010T therapy for relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukaemia: Research progress and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Tianjin First Central Hospital  Tianjin 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