{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T06:33:46Z","timestamp":1792996426260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) remains a global health challenge. However, the transcriptional and epigenetic features associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) relative to non\u2010allergic rhinitis (NAR) remain poorly characterised at single\u2010cell resolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed integrated single\u2010cell transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of nasal mucosal tissues from 22 patients, including NAR (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08), SAR (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a06), and PAR (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08), to characterise transcriptional and epigenetic patterns associated with immune cell heterogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified eight major immune cell types and 29 immune cell subsets across the nasal mucosa. Comparisons with NAR revealed distinct transcriptional and epigenetic features in SAR and PAR across both myeloid and T\u2010cell compartments. In Macro_CCL3 cells, SAR showed enrichment of inflammation\u2010associated programs, whereas PAR showed greater enrichment of antigen\u2010presentation\u2010related features. CD4_Tcm cells exhibited subtype\u2010associated epigenetic differences, with IL\u20101\u03b2\/IL\u201017\u2010related features enriched in SAR and eosinophil\u2010 and Th2\u2010associated programs enriched in PAR. CD8_Trm cells in both AR groups showed cytotoxicity\u2010related features, including increased accessibility near\n                      <jats:italic>GZMB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>PRF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while distinct inferred regulatory patterns were observed across the two AR groups. In addition, T\u2010cell co\u2010expression modules identified by hdWGCNA showed distinct associations with NAR, SAR, and PAR. sLDSC analysis revealed significant enrichment of pollinosis\u2010associated heritability in CD8 T\u2010cell open chromatin regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study characterises distinct immune regulatory features associated with SAR and PAR relative to NAR across innate and adaptive immune compartments, providing a multi\u2010omic framework for characterising AR heterogeneity and identifying subtype\u2010associated molecular features for further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  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