{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:26:58Z","timestamp":1791091618174,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,20]],"date-time":"2002-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1040342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten years ago, we made an incidental flow cytometric observation while immunophenotyping biopsy and marrow samples from children suspected to have leukemia\/non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma, but were subsequently diagnosed with neuroblastoma. The samples contained neoplastic CD45<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cells that had an extremely bright CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (beyond the fourth decade on a four\u2010decade scale) population distinguishable from CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>usual density+<\/jats:sup> natural killer lymphocytes as well as other CD45<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>usual density+<\/jats:sup> nonhematopoietic tumors such as small cell carcinoma or melanoma. Following the \u201crare event\u201d philosophy of selecting one negative and two positive antigens, we initially tried a \u201ccocktail\u201d of CD45<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>very bright+<\/jats:sup> neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE)<jats:sup>cytoplasmic+<\/jats:sup>. We later modified the procedure to a more clinically applicable \u201clysed whole blood\u201d CD45<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD56<jats:sup>very bright+<\/jats:sup> ganglioside GD2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cocktail to improve turnaround time (eliminating the cell permeabilization step for cytoplasmic NSE analysis), specificity, and sensitivity of the assay. A total of 123 marrow\/tissue\/fluid samples were analyzed by the various forms of the assay. Clearly interpretable samples had an 83% specificity and a 100% sensitivity. The three\u2010color GD2 assay has successfully detected cells in marrow samples to a level of 0.002% (1 per 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> cells) using patient samples (not artificially \u201cspiked\u201d material). We added CD81 expression of the neuroblastoma cells as a fourth color and now use this rare event clinical test to help stage and monitor all patients with neuroblastoma. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:298\u2013304, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.10159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,24]],"date-time":"2002-12-24T00:31:06Z","timestamp":1040689866000},"page":"298-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Flow cytometric immunophenotyping test for staging\/monitoring neuroblastoma patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Warzynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Axtell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James V.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki A.","family":"Hammers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"535","volume-title":"American Cancer Society textbook of clinical oncology","author":"Marina NM","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"LeeWS ChungWS ChangCD HyunbhBK. 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