{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T20:48:53Z","timestamp":1698353333426},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,8]],"date-time":"2005-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1110240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5180,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The histological inspection of tumor tissue for the purpose of reporting a tumor grade is a problem of significant clinical importance. The grading by a pathologist is only partly reproducible due to vaguely defined, subjective criteria. In this article we describe and evaluate a set of measurable features that quantitate the differences in tumor tissue. Different aspects of the reproducibility of the measurements under varying conditions of image selection, focus, and noise have been investigated.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Three hundred thirty\u2010three images were digitized from 111 bladder tissue sections (4 \u03bcm thick, Feulgen stained), using the ICAS microscope\u2010camera platform. A segmentation routine was developed to segment the images into nuclei and background without any user interaction. Size, shape, optical density, and texture features were measured on and among the <jats:italic>objects<\/jats:italic> found by this segmentation routine using the image analysis package Acuity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The results of the measurements showed that there is a significant quantitative difference between grade 1 and grade 3 tumors. Grade 2 tumors can be described as \u201cin between grade 1 and grade 3\u201d and falling somewhere on an increasing scale between grades 1 and 3. Grade 2 tumors do not seem to represent a statistically distinct population.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The procedure described here is shown to be quite reproducible in the presence of noise, reasonably reproducible in the event of a modest amount of defocusing (with grade 3 tumors exhibiting the most sensitivity), and less reproducible in the context of <jats:italic>which<\/jats:italic> fields\u2010of\u2010view are chosen for analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990120704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,8]],"date-time":"2005-08-08T15:30:17Z","timestamp":1123515017000},"page":"602-613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Towards a quantitative grading of bladder tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Uneco","family":"De Meester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lindeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans C.","family":"van Der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"190","article-title":"Segmentation of scenes in tissue sections","volume":"9","author":"Abmayr W","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"BacusJV: Application of digital image processing techniques to cytology automation. Rush\u2010Presbyterian\u2010St. Luke's Medical Center NCI Contract Report NO1\u2010CB\u201074190 September1982."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"BlomjousCEM:Prognostic factors in urinary bladder carcinoma: A morphometric DNA flow cytometric immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Ph.D. thesis Faculty of Medicine Free University of Amsterdam 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"426","article-title":"A comparative study in morphometric grading of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"11","author":"Blomjous CEM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(88)90109-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(72)90070-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1931034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Cooley WW","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1977.4309803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96388-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition","author":"Fukunaga K","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","volume-title":"Ispahan User's Manual. Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University","author":"Gelsema ES","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","volume-title":"Morphological Methods in Image and Signal Processing","author":"Giardina CR","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","volume-title":"Computer and Robot Vision","author":"Haralick RM","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","volume-title":"International Histological Classification of Tumors","author":"Mostofi FK","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66570-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0121-0_15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","volume-title":"Statistics with Applications to the Biological and Health Sciences","author":"Remington RD","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1978.4310039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"107","volume":"3","author":"Schmidt JD","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pitfalls in clinical staging of bladder tumors."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","volume-title":"Image Analysis and Mathematical Morphobgy","author":"Serra J","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"SudarD:Quantitative characterization of tissue architecture. M.Sc. thesis Faculty of Applied Physics Delft University of Technology 1988."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Method for the quantitative evaluation of the distribution of nuclei in normal and malignant endometrial epithelia","volume":"12","author":"Tezuka F","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"Van VlietLJ YoungIT:ICAS: Scanner and analyzer for fluorescent microscopyIn: Abstracts of the XIV International Meeting of the Society for Analytical Cytology Asheville North Carolina March 18\u201318 Cytometry Supplement 4:5 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Sampling density and quantitative microscopy","volume":"10","author":"Young IT","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(08)60974-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Gelsema ES","author":"Young IT","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","first-page":"571D","article-title":"Characterization of tissue architecture. In: Abstracts of the XIIth International Meeting of the Society for Analytical","volume":"2","author":"Young IT","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cytology, Breckenridge, Colorado, Cytometry Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990070513"}],"container-title":["Cytometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcyto.990120704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cyto.990120704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T23:10:08Z","timestamp":1698016208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cyto.990120704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cyto.990120704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.990120704","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-4763","1097-0320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-4763","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]}}}