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We demonstrate, however, that some dynamic nuclear proteins can change their localization upon fixation by either crosslinking or non\u2010crosslinking methods. We examined the subnuclear localization of the chromatin architectural protein HMGB1, linker histone H1, and core histone H2B in cells fixed by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, ethanol, or zinc salts. We demonstrate that some dynamic, weakly binding nuclear proteins, like HMGB1 and H1, may not only be unexpectedly lost from their original binding sites during the fixation process, but they can also diffuse through the nucleus and eventually bind in nucleoli. Such translocation to nucleoli does not occur in the case of core histone H2B, which is more stably bound to DNA and other histones. We suggest that the diminished binding of some dynamic proteins to DNA during fixation, and their subsequent translocation to nucleoli, is induced by changes of DNA structure, arising from interaction with a fixative. Detachment of dynamic proteins from chromatin can also be induced in cells already fixed by non\u2010crosslinking methods when DNA structure is distorted by intercalating molecules. The proteins translocated during fixation from chromatin to nucleoli bind there to RNA\u2010containing structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T23:21:49Z","timestamp":1623367309000},"page":"1230-1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Translocation of chromatin proteins to nucleoli\u2014The influence of protein dynamics on post\u2010fixation localization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Zar\u0119bski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w  Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosevalentine","family":"Bosire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julita","family":"Weso\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w  Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Szelest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w  Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Eatmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w  Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Jasi\u0144ska\u2010Konior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w  Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellis\u00e9e par la Ligue contre le cancer Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9  Paris France"},{"name":"Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms Institut Gustave Roussy  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Kroemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellis\u00e9e par la Ligue contre le cancer Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9  Paris France"},{"name":"Metabolomics 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