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Here, we aim to develop a non\u2010invasive, label\u2010free method for the detection of bladder cancer cells in urine samples, which is based on interferometric imaging flow cytometry. Eight urothelial carcinoma and one normal urothelial cell lines, along with red and white blood cells, imaged quantitatively without staining by an interferometric phase microscopy module while flowing in a microfluidic chip, and classified by two machine\u2010learning algorithms, based on deep\u2010learning semantic segmentation convolutional neural network and extreme gradient boosting. Furthermore, urine samples obtained from bladder\u2010cancer patients and healthy volunteers were imaged, and classified by the system. We achieved accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of 99% and 97% for the cell lines on both machine\u2010learning algorithms. For the real urine samples, the accuracy and AUC were 96% and 96% for the deep\u2010learning algorithm and 95% and 93% for the gradient\u2010boosting algorithm, respectively. By combining label\u2010free interferometric imaging flow cytometry with high\u2010end classification algorithms, we achieved high\u2010performance differentiation between healthy and malignant cells. The proposed technique has the potential to supplant cystoscopy in the bladder cancer surveillance and diagnosis space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:19:17Z","timestamp":1714119557000},"page":"570-579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Detection of bladder cancer cells using quantitative interferometric label\u2010free imaging flow cytometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matan","family":"Dudaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-8995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itay","family":"Barnea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Haifler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"Department of Urology Chaim Sheba Medical Center  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natan T.","family":"Shaked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NgK StenzlA SharmaA VasdevN.Urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer: a review of the current landscape and future directions. 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Presented at the Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining.2016.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"WickhamMKAH.Tidymodels: a collection of packages for modeling and machine learning using tidyverse principles.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Cancer today.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202000151"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11030256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300433"}],"container-title":["Cytometry Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cyto.a.24846","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:47:01Z","timestamp":1723531621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cyto.a.24846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cyto.a.24846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cyto.a.24846","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CYTO.A.24846\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1552-4922","1552-4930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4922","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4930","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}