{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:56:11Z","timestamp":1781510171088,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Ministry of Health -Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019579","name":"SingHealth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    High\u2010dimensional cytometry, such as mass cytometry (CyTOF), measures protein expression in single cells. When paired with AI\u2010enhanced data analytics, it facilitates the discovery of immune biomarkers that can assist in diagnosing and treating immune\u2010related diseases. However, fluctuating instrument readouts, known as batch effects, can obscure biological patterns. To enhance our previously reported EPIC immune atlas platform, we developed the\n                    <jats:italic>ImmuneMapBuilder<\/jats:italic>\n                    app to integrate, annotate, and cluster CyTOF data. To evaluate biological stratification and batch effects in clustering results, we created a two\u2010step visualization method, called Group Similarity Analysis (GSA).\n                    <jats:italic>First<\/jats:italic>\n                    , multidimensional immune profiles are projected into two\u2010dimensional embeddings to reveal similarities between samples.\n                    <jats:italic>Second<\/jats:italic>\n                    , silhouette analysis of embedding coordinates quantifies cohesion within technical and biological groups. We illustrate the scope and effectiveness of GSA using six batch normalization methods across three datasets, demonstrating that batch\u2010effect correction enhances the separation of age groups and tissue types. The goals of batch normalization are increased biological and decreased technical GSA scores, both of which correlate with decreased Earth Mover's Distance (EMD), an alignment indicator of signal distributions. To dissect the contributions of individual marker misalignments to batch effects, we introduce a mix\u2010and\u2010match strategy that combines normalized and raw channels. GSA also helps to compare meta\u2010clustering outputs. In a case study, we confirmed the significance of CD62L expression in T cells for age\u2010based stratification. Overall, GSA is a versatile method to evaluate clustering results from cytometry data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1779168347000},"page":"364-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissecting the Influence of Batch Effects on Immunomics Pattern Discovery in High\u2010Dimensional Mass Cytometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8753-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute (TII) SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Centre  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Guan","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute (TII) SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Centre  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"KK Women's and Children's Hospital  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute (TII) SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Centre  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Yao","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute (TII) SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Centre  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Immunology Institute (TII) SingHealth Duke\u2010NUS Academic Medical Centre  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Duke\u2010NUS Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"KK Women's and Children's Hospital  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010022\u201001309\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac901049w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010020\u20100532\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706559114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis\u20102019\u2010216059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201035932\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01672"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02367"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.23904"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201029122\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010019\u20100415\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377\u20100427(87)90125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010019\u20100619\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000854"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"S.Malladi D.Schmolze A.Beck andS.Nabavi \u201cEMDomics: Earth Mover's Distance for Differential Analysis of Genomics Data \u201d2024 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18129\/B9.bioc.EMDomics."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102016\u201001\u2010695122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201029383\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae633"}],"container-title":["Cytometry Part 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