{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:24:59Z","timestamp":1792625099038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19\u2010AI118626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19\u2010AI118626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although routinely detected in human blood and tissue samples, immune cell doublets are typically discarded during data acquisition or analysis, often dismissed as technical artifacts arising from ex\u00a0vivo cell handling. However, emerging evidence suggests that these immune cell doublets reflect biologically meaningful interactions, offering critical insights into immune communication during health and disease. In this review, we evaluate the current evidence supporting the existence of biological immune cell doublets across various human tissues, highlighting their diverse phenotypes and functions that distinguish them from technical noise. We explore how existing single\u2010cell datasets and analytical frameworks can be repurposed to study doublets, and we examine the primary challenge in the field, which is the lack of definitive markers to distinguish biological doublets from artifacts. Finally, we examine how novel technologies, namely high\u2010throughput image\u2010enabled sorting, are facilitating the next generation of research on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.70060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T02:55:34Z","timestamp":1786762534000},"page":"553-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Decoding Immune Cell Doublets in Humans: From Artifacts to Insights"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Ningxin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Cytometry Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego (UCSD)  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie G.","family":"Burel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology  La Jolla California 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