{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T02:58:11Z","timestamp":1770433091869,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]],"date-time":"2006-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Part B Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u20101\u2010infected children show changes of blood lymphocyte subpopulations. We have, therefore, investigated how highly active anti\u2010retroviral therapy (ART) alter these subsets. Blood samples were taken from 41 HIV\u20101\u2010infected children on ART who were divided into groups showing good, partial and poor responses to ART on the basis of viral load (VL) measurement in blood. The observations were compared to those seen in 20 uninfected children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The samples were studied using 4\u2010color flow cytometry for \u201cna\u00efve\u201d, central memory and effector memory cells as well as for CD38 expression as the sign of activation within both the CD4+ and the CD8+ T cell populations. HIV\u20101 infected children were also evaluated for the presence and the titers of antibodies induced by vaccination against childhood infections in our patients while on HAART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphocyte counts were lower in the \u201cpoor\u201d viral load responding (VLR) group when compared with partial and good VLRs. Poor VLRs had lower total and na\u00efve CD4+ T cell counts. HIV\u20101\u2010infected children from all three groups had high CD8+ T cell counts. Central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell percentages were particularly low in the poor VLR group while in the poor VLR group the percentages of effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were higher when compared with the control group. Higher cellular activation of CD8+ T cells was observed in HIV\u20101\u2010infected children, particularly when analyzed for the intensity of CD38 expression in the poor VLR group. CD5 expression on B cells was higher among all HIV\u20101\u2010infected children. Antibodies to tetanus, diphtheria, measles, rubella, and hepatitis B were present in a large proportion of children but the titers were similarly low for all three groups of HIV\u2010infected children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children with different levels of viral response to HAART present immune phenotype characteristics that tend to place the children with partial and good virological responses into the same group. These children are still moderately deficient in their immune responses but show better recovery than seen with children in the poor VLR group. These observations indicate that the proportions of central memory cells among the CD4+ T cells and the intensity of the expression of CD38 activation antigen on CD8+ T cells provide more informative parameters for monitoring children on HAART than the absolute numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells alone. \u00a9 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,15]],"date-time":"2006-10-15T01:49:22Z","timestamp":1160876962000},"page":"14-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["HIV\u20101\u2010infected children on HAART: Immunologic features of three different levels of viral suppression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"72B","author":[{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Zaccarelli\u2010Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisy Maria","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Brunialti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina C\u00e9lia de Menezes","family":"Succi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo","family":"Salom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esper Georges","family":"Kall\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"de Moraes\u2010Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10291-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5322.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15098-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02117-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012010-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515591"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199907090-00006","article-title":"Long\u2010term evaluation of T\u2010cell subsets and T\u2010cell function after HAART in advanced stage HIV\u20101 disease","volume":"13","author":"Mezzaroma I","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200301000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200111230-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199912240-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01616.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412502"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00183-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705083361901"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-11-0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3577"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.070061597"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1994.1047","article-title":"Subpopulations of T and B cells in perinatally HIV\u2010infected children compared with those in adults","volume":"71","author":"Ibegbu C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Imunopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","series-title":"The immunological basis for immunization series. 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