{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T19:59:23Z","timestamp":1760299163976},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]],"date-time":"2015-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cytometry Part B Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1985, external quality assurance was initiated in the Netherlands to reduce the between\u2010laboratory variability of leukemia\/lymphoma immunophenotyping and to improve diagnostic conclusions. This program consisted of regular distributions of test samples followed by biannual plenary participant meetings in which results were presented and discussed. A scoring system was developed in which the quality of results was rated by systematically reviewing the pre\u2010analytical, analytical, and post\u2010analytical assay stages using three scores, i.e., correct (A), minor fault (B), and major fault (C). Here, we report on 90 consecutive samples distributed to 40\u201361 participating laboratories between 1998 and 2012. Most samples contained &gt;20% aberrant cells, mainly selected from mature lymphoid malignancies (B or T cell) and acute leukemias (myeloid or lymphoblastic). In 2002, minimally required monoclonal antibody (mAb) panels were introduced, whilst methodological guidelines for all three assay stages were implemented.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Retrospectively, we divided the study into subsequent periods of 4 (\u201cinitial\u201d), 4 (\u201clearning\u201d), and 7 years (\u201cconsolidation\u201d) to detect \u201clearning effects.\u201d Uni\u2010 and multivariate models showed that analytical performance declined since 2002, but that post\u2010analytical performance improved during the entire period. These results emphasized the need to improve technical aspects of the assay, and reflected improved interpretational skills of the participants. A strong effect of participant affiliation in all three assay stages was observed: laboratories in academic and large peripheral hospitals performed significantly better than those in small hospitals. \u00a9 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T16:12:16Z","timestamp":1435075936000},"page":"267-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fifteen years of external quality assessment in leukemia\/lymphoma immunophenotyping in <scp>T<\/scp>he <scp>N<\/scp>etherlands and <scp>B<\/scp>elgium: A way forward"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Frank W. M. B.","family":"Preijers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud UMC Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent H. J.","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Preijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud UMC Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rik A.","family":"Brooimans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Marijt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Homburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunocytology Sanquin Blood Supply Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kees","family":"van Montfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trials and Statistics Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan W.","family":"Gratama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Oncology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Section Immunological and Molecular Cell Diagnostics of the Foundation for Quality Assessment in Medical Laboratories(SKML)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-1440-2-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20612"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"MartiniE D'HautcourtJL.Contro\u2009\u2041\u2009le de qualit\u00e9 Franco\u2010Belge des phenotypages cellulaires analys\u00e9s par cytometrie en flux. Annales du Controle de Qualit\u00e9 National\u2014Laboratoire National de la Sant\u00e9 Francaise March 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Quality control in flow cytometry for diagnostic pathology. I. Cell surface phenotyping and general laboratory procedures","volume":"93","author":"McCoy JP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19960915)26:3<216::AID-CYTO6>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"External quality assessment in clinical cell analysis by flow cytometry. 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